I wish! (01)
I've downloaded OpenCyc and fiddled here and there. The ontology
platform UMBEL uses it in a chain of platforms, including Wordnet and
others, to build an environment where you can gain access to a lot of
different approaches to problem solving. (02)
I do have plans to include it in my knowledge garden platform, if only
in the harvesting agentry. (03)
Lenat has written a lot about context. (04)
Jack (05)
On Mon, Jan 30, 2012 at 8:02 PM, Rich Cooper
<rich@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
> Dear Jack,
>
> Thanks for the reference to microtheories. Once I
> get done with the overload of work I am on, I hope
> to read it! In the meantime, I am overloaded, but
> still very interested in how Cyc focuses on
> contexts as defined in linguistic terms.
>
> Are you, like Doug, a Cyclist?
>
> -Rich
>
> Sincerely,
> Rich Cooper
> EnglishLogicKernel.com
> Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
> 9 4 9 \ 5 2 5 - 5 7 1 2
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
> [mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On
> Behalf Of Jack Park
> Sent: Monday, January 30, 2012 7:31 PM
> To: [ontolog-forum]
> Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Ontolgizing rain &
> snow [was: Track 1&2 Joint Mission and Session
> Abstracts]
>
> I went to opencyc.org/doc looking. Saw nothing
> except for someone's
> master's thesis on using cyc to augment a trading
> system. Note to
> self: read that.
>
> But, this query "cyc microtheories" lands lots of
> hits (maybe more or
> less for you if you're not in google's filter
> bubble).
>
> Jack
>
> On Fri, Jan 27, 2012 at 10:28 AM, Rich Cooper
> <rich@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
>> Dear Doug,
>>
>>
>>
>> Thanks for clarifying that point about
> MicroTheories ó Context.
>>
>>
>>
>> Your description of what exactly is in a
> microtheory sounds like a fruitful
>> thing to study. You gave a reference to your
> book
>>
>>
>>
>> See my chapter on Cyc in <u>Theory and
> Applications of Ontology. Volume
>> II</u>
>> for details of the microtheory system and a
> number of different types of
>> microtheories
>> (Vocabulary, Theory, Data, Hypothetical, ...).
>>
>>
>>
>> Is there a URL to the book which you would
> recommend, or to papers that
>> abstract points in the book? In particular, I
> would like to know how
>> microtheories are comprised; understand the
> mapping from observations to
>> “active microtheory (?)”, and understand how the
> inheritance network is
>> traversed during discourse to get to the active
> one.
>>
>>
>>
>> Thanks,
>>
>> -Rich
>>
>>
>>
>> Sincerely,
>>
>> Rich Cooper
>>
>> EnglishLogicKernel.com
>>
>> Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
>>
>> 9 4 9 \ 5 2 5 - 5 7 1 2
>>
>> ________________________________
>>
>> From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>> [mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]
> On Behalf Of doug foxvog
>> Sent: Thursday, January 26, 2012 9:40 PM
>>
>>
>> To: '[ontolog-forum] '
>> Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Ontolgizing rain &
> snow [was: Track 1&2 Joint
>> Mission and Session Abstracts]
>>
>>
>>
>> COn 26-Jan-12 5:49 PM, Rich Cooper wrote:
>>
>> Dear Doug,
>>
>>
>>
>> Its interesting to see the many contexts for
> which
>>
>> Cyc has built infrastructure. A couple of days
>>
>> ago, there was a post sequence on the Siri
> patent
>>
>> which described "active ontology" as though it
>>
>> were one ontology from a library of ontologies.
>>
>> >From a quick review of the patent, it seems
> they
>>
>> consider the "active ontology" to be the one
> which
>>
>> best fits the situation at hand.
>>
>>
>>
>> Since you are an accomplished expert on Cyc, can
>>
>> you enlighten the rest of us about whether Cyc
>>
>> uses the same or a similar concept, perhaps
>>
>> calling it something else than the "active
>>
>> ontology"?
>>
>>
>> Cyc has set up a large set of contexts, which
> they call microtheories, to
>> separate its
>> definitions, theories, and data by topic.
> These microtheories are in an
>> inheritance
>> hierarchy such that topics that rely on other
> topics have the corresponding
>> topics
>> as #$genlMts. To reason about a certain set of
> data, one would normally
>> create a
>> #$DataMicrotheory and specify its closest
> #$genlMts. All the statements
>> from the
>> #$genlMts and <i>their</i>#$genlMts are
> inherited (with provision for
>> defining
>> exceptions to various rules). The microtheory
> in which a question is asked
>> would
>> correspond to SIRI's "active ontology".
>>
>> See my chapter on Cyc in <u>Theory and
> Applications of Ontology. Volume
>> II</u>
>> for details of the microtheory system and a
> number of different types of
>> microtheories
>> (Vocabulary, Theory, Data, Hypothetical, ...).
>>
>> At least by the time i left Cycorp (in 2003),
> there were few statements
>> encoded in CycL
>> that provided meta-information about what the
> microthories's topics were and
>> what
>> they were designed to be used for. Many terms
> had their #$definingMt
>> specified, which
>> meant that reasoning about them should not be
> done unless the specified
>> microtheory
>> was included in the mass of #$genlMts of the
> query microtheory. This
>> restriction was
>> not code-enforced by the end of 2003.
>>
>> I did not read the patent, but from the
> discussions in this forum, am led to
>> understand
>> that they have a set of rules for selecting the
> contexts (which they call
>> ontologies) to use
>> in solving a question. There had been
> discussion in Cycorp about doing
>> such a thing,
>> utilizing both the #$definingMt assertions and
> other meta-assertions about
>> the microtheories,
>> but i have seen no design work towards such a
> goal.
>>
>> SIRI's technique for selecting an "active
> ontology" might be novel. The
>> idea of determining
>> an ontology in which to ask a question is not.
>>
>> I hope this helps.
>>
>> -- doug
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Descriptions appreciated,
>>
>> -Rich
>>
>>
>>
>> Sincerely,
>>
>> Rich Cooper
>>
>> EnglishLogicKernel.com
>>
>> Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
>>
>> 9 4 9 \ 5 2 5 - 5 7 1 2
>>
>>
>>
>> -----Original Message-----
>>
>> From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>
>> [mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]
> On
>>
>> Behalf Of doug foxvog
>>
>> Sent: Thursday, January 26, 2012 2:04 PM
>>
>> To: [ontolog-forum]
>>
>> Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Ontolgizing rain &
>>
>> snow [was: Track 1&2 Joint Mission and Session
>>
>> Abstracts]
>>
>>
>>
>> Being under heavy rain bombardment for several
>>
>> days, a rare process in
>>
>> our parts, the atmospheric condition demands
>>
>> more attention.
>>
>> Doug,
>>
>>
>>
>> What about methane rain, neon rain, sulfuric
>>
>> acid rain, iron rain,
>>
>> volcanic ash rain, or rain dust, full of
>>
>> chemicals, minerals and silt,
>>
>> we have here,
>>
>> in the Med Area, each early springtime from
>>
>> North Africa.
>>
>>
>>
>> Cyc has not modeled extra-terrestrial rain, but
> it
>>
>> would be done similarly.
>>
>> Their terms for rain refer to water rain.
>>
>>
>>
>> They do have AcidRainProcess as a specialization
>>
>> of RainProcess, and
>>
>> have modeled Chemistry at the level of an
>>
>> introductory college class
>>
>> (actually: modelling the content of an AP
>>
>> chemistry text -- for those
>>
>> familiar with the US high school system).
>>
>>
>>
>> The ontology has classes and relations for
>>
>> representing material disolved
>>
>> or suspended in rainwater.
>>
>>
>>
>> And how to formally represent the
>>
>> precipitation/downfall/rain properties:
>>
>> types and forms, material and composition,
>>
>> duration and intensity, speed
>>
>> and noise, quantity and quality, products and
>>
>> results, or causes and
>>
>> effects ...
>>
>> These are all basic concepts that have been well
>>
>> thought out and
>>
>> ontologized at the generic level in Cyc. I only
>>
>> have a copy of OpenCyc
>>
>> on my computer, so don't have access to any
> rules
>>
>> Cycorp may have
>>
>> generated inter-relating such things .
>>
>>
>>
>> Durations are specified as (#$MinutesDuration N)
>>
>> [or another resolution];
>>
>> downfall intensity can represented as (#$PerFn
>>
>> (#$Centi #$Meter)
>>
>> #$HoursDuration); and wind speed in some
>>
>> #$UnitOfSpeed.
>>
>>
>>
>> For causality, #$causes-SitSit would relate the
>>
>> event of the storm (a
>>
>> #$PhysicalEvent which is a type of #$Situation)
>>
>> with a #$Situation which
>>
>> it has caused. To state that the storm caused
>>
>> some proposition to be
>>
>> true, one would use (#$causes-ThingProp
>>
>> BlizzardOf2012 <proposition>).
>>
>>
>>
>> It looks any seasonal falling to the planet of
>>
>> any form of material refers
>>
>> to precipitation, as downfall of any from of
>>
>> substance, rock, glass,
>>
>> water, etc.
>>
>> Cyc's #$PrecipitationProcess allows for such
>>
>> specializations of precipitation
>>
>> to be defined and reasoned about. Even without
>>
>> creating new terms,
>>
>> you could refer to #$PrecipitationParticles
> which
>>
>> are #$composedOf
>>
>> (#$SolutionFn (#$LiquidFn #$Water)
>>
>> #$HydrogenChloride), or one in
>>
>> which they are #$Suspensions with the
>>
>> #$suspendingFluid being one
>>
>> substance and with #$suspendedParts being some
>>
>> other substance, such
>>
>> as a (#$MobFn #$SandParticle)s.
>>
>>
>>
>> It appears that they don't have a term for
>>
>> #$VolcanicAsh
>>
>>
>>
>> Azamat
>>
>>
>>
>> ----- Original Message -----
>>
>> From: "doug foxvog" <doug@xxxxxxxxxx>
>>
>> To: <ontolog-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
>>
>> Sent: Thursday, January 26, 2012 8:11 PM
>>
>> Subject: [ontolog-forum] Ontolgizing rain & snow
>>
>> [was: Track 1&2 Joint
>>
>> Mission and Session Abstracts]
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> [ Also sent to ontology-summit discussion group.
>>
>> ]
>>
>> Matthew West wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> I understand your view. How shall you handle
>>
>> rain and snow?
>>
>> Rain & snow refer to physical precipitation
>>
>> particles, the precipitation
>>
>> in
>>
>> bulk, the process that produces the
>>
>> precipitation, storms as events, and
>>
>> storms as objects.
>>
>>
>>
>> Cyc's representation of these different, but
>>
>> related things (leaving out
>>
>> comments and some additional statements)
>>
>> includes:
>>
>> (isa PrecipitationParticle ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls PrecipitationParticle Particle)
>>
>> (genls PrecipitationParticle
>>
>> InanimateObject-Natural)
>>
>> (isa RainProcess ProcessType)
>>
>> (genls RainProcess PrecipitationProcess)
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa SnowProcess ProcessType)
>>
>> (genls SnowProcess PrecipitationProcess)
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa Rainwater ExistingStuffType)
>>
>> (genls Rainwater (LiquidFn Water-Fresh))
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa SnowMob ExistingStuffType)
>>
>> (genls SnowMob (SolidFn Water))
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa Snowflake ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls Snowflake PrecipitationParticle)
>>
>> (genls (MobFn Snowflake) SnowMob)
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa Raindrop ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls Raindrop PrecipitationParticle)
>>
>> (genls Raindrop Rainwater)
>>
>>
>>
>> (relationAllExists outputsGenerated
>>
>> PrecipitationProcess
>>
>> (MobFn
>>
>> PrecipitationParticle))
>>
>> (relationAllExists outputsGenerated RainProcess
>>
>> (MobFn Raindrop))
>>
>> (relationAllExists outputsGenerated SnowProcess
>>
>> (MobFn Snowflake))
>>
>> (isa StormAsObject ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls StormAsObject InanimateObject-Natural)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts StormAsObject
>>
>> CloudInSky)
>>
>> (isa RainStormAsObject ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls RainStormAsObject StormAsObject)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts StormAsObject
>>
>> CloudInSky)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts StormAsObject
>>
>> (MobFn Raindrop))
>>
>> (isa SnowStormAsObject ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls SnowStormAsObject StormAsObject)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts StormAsObject
>>
>> CloudInSky)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts
>>
>> SnowStormAsObject (MobFn Snowflake))
>>
>> (not (relationExistsAll doneBy
>>
>> PrecipitationProcess StormAsObject))
>>
>> (comment
>>
>> (not (relationExistsAll doneBy
>>
>> PrecipitationProcess StormAsObject))
>>
>> "A StormAsObject would include Duststorms,
>>
>> which don't (necessarily)
>>
>> include precipitation.")
>>
>>
>>
>> (relationExistsAll doneBy RainProcess
>>
>> RainStormAsObject)
>>
>> (relationExistsAll doneBy SnowProcess
>>
>> SnowStormAsObject)
>>
>> (isa StormAsEvent ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls StormAsEvent ImmediateWeatherProcess)
>>
>>
>>
>> (isa RainStormAsEvent ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls RainStormAsEvent StormAsEvent)
>>
>> (relationAllExists subprocesses RainStormAsEvent
>>
>> RainProcess)
>>
>> (relationAllExists doneBy RainStormAsEvent
>>
>> RainStormAsObject)
>>
>> (isa SnowStormAsEvent ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls SnowStormAsEvent StormAsEvent)
>>
>> (relationAllExists subprocesses SnowStormAsEvent
>>
>> SnowProcess)
>>
>> (relationAllExists doneBy SnowStormAsEvent
>>
>> SnowStormAsObject)
>>
>> (isa SnowStormAsObject ExistingObjectType)
>>
>> (genls SnowStormAsObject StormAsObject)
>>
>> (relationAllExists physicalParts
>>
>> SnowStormAsObject (MobFn Snowflake))
>>
>>
>>
>> Jack
>>
>> On Jan 26, 2012, at 6:09 AM, Matthew West
>>
>> wrote:
>>
>> The main problem here is one of different
>>
>> people using terms
>>
>> differently. Hardly an ontological problem per
>>
>> se, but certainly a
>>
>> problem that causes confusion in developing
>>
>> ontologies.
>>
>> This is always a problem for ontologists. The
>>
>> different meanings have
>>
>> to be teased apart.
>>
>>
>>
>> Interestingly as a 4 dimensionalist I don't
>>
>> recognise endurants at all,
>>
>> but I do recognise activities, physical
>>
>> objects, and participants.
>>
>> Under
>>
>> this world view all individuals (including
>>
>> activities, physical objects
>>
>> and participants) are spatiotemporal extents,
>>
>> and you discover that an
>>
>> activity consists of its participants, where a
>>
>> participant is the state
>>
>> of a physical object that participates in some
>>
>> activity. So I recognise
>>
>> the things you talk about. However, I would
>>
>> assign the term "system" to
>>
>> the physical object the participant is a state
>>
>> of.
>>
>> I would not restrict the term "system" merely to
>>
>> physical objects. But
>>
>> having multiple clearly defined concepts which
>>
>> different people use that
>>
>> word
>>
>> for in different contexts, is fine. They just
>>
>> need different URIs.
>>
>> -- doug
>>
>>
>>
>> Regards
>>
>>
>>
>> Matthew West
>>
>> Information Junction
>>
>> Tel: +44 1489 880185
>>
>> Mobile: +44 750 3385279
>>
>> Skype: dr.matthew.west
>>
>> matthew.west@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>
>> http://www.informationjunction.co.uk/
>>
>> http://www.matthew-west.org.uk/
>>
>>
>>
>> This email originates from Information
>>
>> Junction Ltd. Registered in
>>
>> England and Wales No. 6632177.
>>
>> Registered office: 2 Brookside, Meadow Way,
>>
>> Letchworth Garden City,
>>
>> Hertfordshire, SG6 3JE.
>>
>> ...
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
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