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Re: [ontolog-forum] What's "Ontology Chemistry"?

To: "[ontolog-forum] " <ontolog-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
From: "Christopher Spottiswoode" <cms@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Sat, 19 Nov 2011 18:39:57 +0200
Message-id: <6D29AAE38EC64D3482764CA8DABAA5A8@klaptop>
All,    (01)

This post pursues the question in the subject-line, the first post in
the thread having been the launch of discussions around the proposal for
an Ontolog Community project you can read more about on
http://ontolog.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?ChristopherSpottiswoode/OntologyChemistry_WorkingDraft.    (02)

*Please note:*  In standards parlance this post is "non-normative" as
far as the project and the specifications of its target product are
concerned.    (03)

However, this expansion of the "Ontology Chemistry" metaphor will help
make the specifications to be gathered on the above page more
graphically meaningful.  I believe that might help you get the full
picture sooner.  (Please tell me whether or not you find it helpful?)
But in the interest of brevity in those specifications the metaphorical
picture is best kept separate.  Hence this post.    (04)

On October 19, now archived at
http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/ontolog-forum/2011-10/msg00088.html, I had
written:    (05)

> The chemistry metaphor evokes ontological atoms, molecules, molecular
> properties and reactions, chemical pathways, all the way up to
> large-scale chemical engineering, all ontology-based.
>
> That picture may seem mere new decoration for the more familiar
> Software Engineering (SE) scene of Separation of Concerns,
> modularization, component architectures, component markets and
> application composition.
>
> It does indeed cover all those notions, very fully too, and more.  But
> it all derives closely from very fundamental though actually quite
> simple O/ontology, and it will revolutionize Internet-based SE.
>
> The key novelty at the fundamental level in the proposed new
> dispensation derives from some small though crucial tweaks to current
> ontological notions, or shifts of emphasis.  They will enable formal
> manipulation of significant constructs with appropriate granularities.
> That's where the beautiful chemistry emerges.
>
> That will mean - as far as I can make out now (for if I'm expert in
> any field it's in some mere corners of SE) - that the whole project is
> surprisingly complementary with almost all present work in ontology
> (after just a little bit of mutatis mutandis...).  More than that, the
> Challenge product and its self-evolved descendants will serve as a
> better platform for such work.  You will slip into the new clothes
> almost without noticing.  No, it is the folks in SE who may have a
> hard time at first.  However, the naturalness and simplicity of the
> new ecosystem will dawn on them, and their users will be making
> demands...    (06)

So, let us expand on the metaphor of Ontology Chemistry.    (07)

(Some list members may have noted that I am very partial to metaphors,
some of which I most confidently admit to having guided me significantly
throughout the development of OntChem.  That makes them possibly
misleading, so they certainly call for searching examination and
critique.  The OntChem metaphor, on the other hand, only struck me about
a year ago, and the molecular biology facet of it, described below, only
hit me a few weeks ago.  So there has been very little opportunity for
this chemistry metaphor to mislead me.  You may rest assured on that
count at least!)    (08)

The atom analogue is the familiar triple-fact of subject, relationship
and object.  (That looks very like rdf but the differences will outweigh
the similarities, so please don't judge OntChem by rdf, just as you must
not judge this semantic web by the w3c's conception of it.)  The
subatomic particles are then analogous to entity and relationship,
neither of which are meaningful in themselves or able to exist
independently.  But assembled into an atom fact they do have real
meaning.    (09)

We will see later what that "real meaning" consists of, and also how the
binary-relationship nature of this atom is no more of a real limitation
or constraint than the binary coding within digital machines or our
alphabetic rendering of living language words.  What matters is the
higher-granularity and user-meaningful structures we may create using
such simple atoms.  And you will see how every fact in such structures
is n-ary anyway.    (010)

The first higher-granularity structure, namely the molecule, is then
predictably an interrelated and coherent set or graph
of atoms/facts.  So molecules are the reusable components from which
complete applications may be composed.  Clearly, that glib verbiage does
not reflect the realities of the present ontology world.  But with those
"tweaks" or "shifts of emphasis" in the quote above that ideal will be
met.  Their detail will be the subject of another post and some concise
specifications to be added on the WorkingDraft page already referred to
above.  For example, distinctions between intension and extension still
need to be made, and semantics particularly, those "molecular properties
and reactions" from my previous post quoted above, is a critical area to
filled out.    (011)

But on the whole it may seem that there is nothing very unusual so far.
However, consider once again that word "complete" in the second sentence
of the previous paragraph.  It should be more than startling, as that
word "tweak" in this case actually indicates a quantum leap of an
extension of the concept of an ontology.  However, the word is fitting
inasmuch as the relevant feature is after all a very natural and
coherent addition to the abstract structure, as we shall see in another
post (my next one to the "foundation and method" thread).  But maybe it
is already evident, from the enabling of the composition of complete
applications, that the implications for SE will be largely thanks to
this addition?    (012)

The next metaphorical construction will seem somewhat more
controversial.  It involves the key notion of "context", that subject of
many interpretations and much controversy in AI and ontological circles.
But until that next "foundation and method" post I will not go into its
detailed and precise definition.  Suffice it to say for now that it
results in a coherent composition of molecules into larger ones, and it
is exactly what is called for by the old platitude, "The meaning of a
statement is implicit in its context."  (Or "largely implicit", if you
want to be more careful.)    (013)

Now, and as it happens (as I have only recently noticed), there is a
remarkably close chemistry analogue of the function and role of the
'context' concept in the OntChem Information System Architecture.  It is
Messenger RNA or mRNA in the biological cell.    (014)

Let us take a lead from the biochemical picture's essential features as
far as the analogy is concerned.  Consider the graphic in the
attachment.  (If you cannot see it here you can find it where it came
from, namely as the first image in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mRNA.)    (015)

The DNA-equivalent is the available stock of components for the
choosing.  It is the total of all ontologies in all available Ontology
Repositories.  Of course, "complexity" is the name of both games.  The
human genome has about 3 billion base-pairs or bits of information.  If
the DNA from just one single cell of the human body were to be
straightened out from its intricately coiled double-helix form it would
stretch for 2 or 3 metres.  Likewise, in the future we should expect
even larger arrays of ontologies for the choosing, the whole lot
virtually available to every user all the time.  But each cell, each
user, has limited objectives at any one time.    (016)

So the problem in both cases is one of ... "the simplification of
complexity"!  How is any single cell to abstract from all the
possibilities in the full DNA and know how to perform its precise
function as needed at any one time?  How is any user to identify and use
exactly the components required for achieving his or her objective of
the moment?    (017)

In the cell that selection process is known as gene expression, and its
mechanisms are still far from well-known, but they are of course
generally assumed to be well-determined by the local cell in some
physico-chemical way ultimately derived from DNA-coded information in
the local cell and/or any other cells, all as influenced by ambient
conditions.  In the case of the AOS the process will likewise depend on
the precise state of the local subset of the universal factbase, itself
a function of relevant users' choices and other inputs as interpreted in
their own contexts.    (018)

But however it takes place in any one case, in the cell a molecule of
mRNA is produced, and in our AOS-driven digital UI a
"goal-in-a-context" is produced, in each case representing an
enormous simplification of virtually infinite possibilities.    (019)

Then, in the prokaryote or primitive organism cell without a nucleus,
protein synthesis according to the mRNA's message takes place locally.
In the eukaryote or nuclear cell there is more complicated transport of
the mRNA through the cell wall for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm,
as portrayed in the graphic. In the AOS a "local goal" will be created
and pursued if no other threads or agents are involved.  If an input
results in a more complex multithreaded or networked requirement a
"external goal" might be created and sent into another known context or
service for resolution there and return of outcome.  That is the basis
of both enquiries and distributed transactions, and of IPC
(Inter-Process Communication) in general.    (020)

That picture will, I suspect, seem rather complicated and hard to
program or manage, and it does of course lack many details in this brief
portrayal here.  But there will be very simple examples as soon as we
have looked at the OntChem-peculiar divergences from your conventional
notion of an ontology.  However, they will not make much sense at first
without the overall picture here.  (At least, I suspect that might be
the case, seeing that much of the underlying detail was already set out
in my "MACK basics" series of Ontolog posts in 2008 and nobody seems to
have grasped their impact then.  So I am just hoping now that I have
drawn the right conclusions from that expository failure of mine!)    (021)

So I am some immediate questions for you:  Has the above use of the
genetic parallel in the Ontology Chemistry metaphor helped create a
picture in your mind of the role of 'context' in the execution of the
AOS?  Has it left you looking forward to the basic technical details of
the construction and application of contexts and goals-in-context?    (022)

Now, before we move on to such immediate detail, do please note that
just as the cellular and genetic picture above is presumed the basis of
all life as an evolutionary phenomenon, so also does the AOS and
ontology-defined-context memetic setup address all sharable or common
knowledge as a fully evolutionary phenomenon.  With your help in
clarifying my presentation of this long-evolved design, you will
hopefully soon see surprisingly easily how discovery, creativity and
invention - and hence variation and evolution of the relevant
replicators, namely ontologies - are also part of that picture in a very
central, detailed and practical way.    (023)

My present plan is another post in the "foundation and method" thread.
It will start setting out the basic features of the OntChem ontology as
molecule or application component, and indicate how they enable the
precise definition of 'context' and thereby the composition of complete
applications.    (024)

The starting-point in that exposition will be this 2008 post by Pat
Hayes to the Forum:
http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/ontolog-forum/2008-01/msg00385.html.
Pat's long paragraph starting with "Bear in mind", as I interpret it,
sets the course I shall be taking.    (025)

Thank you.
Christopher    (026)



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`
end    (027)


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