> John,
>
> Ok, and could you say something about temporality?
> 1. Paul goes to the water fountain.
> 2. Wanda goes to the water fountain. (01)
Consider: (02)
Paul goes to the bathroom.
Wanda goes to the bathroom. (03)
Rob
********* (04)
>
> Should I ignore time? Sentences in conversation occur in
> order for good reasons, to indicate sequence or time.
> Aristotle points out that we all come into logic with pre-existent
> knowledge (PeK). He seems to indicate that without PeK that
> a predicate is not possible.
>
> Can pre-existant knowledge to be ignored in creating an ontology?
> Are there temporal and atemporal ontologies? Are there PeK and
> non-PeK ontologies? And, can we really separate the logic from
> the ontology?
>
> "All instruction given or received by way of argument
> proceeds from pre-existent knowledge."
>
> "The pre-existent knowledge required is of two kinds. In some
> cases admission of the fact must be assumed, in others
> comprehension of the meaning of the term used, and sometimes
> both assumptions are essential. Thus, we assume that every
> predicate can be either truly affirmed or truly denied of any
> subject...".
> Logic, Book 1
>
> -John Bottoms
> FirstStar
> Concord, MA
> T: 978-505-9878
>
> John F. Sowa wrote:
>> John,
>>
>> There are multiple issues about the background knowledge necessary
>> for interpreting natural language in context and about the logical
>> operators for combining various sentences.
>>
>> JB> I'm confused by the sentences and by John's combination.
>> > The use of "the" as the declarative indicates to me that
>> > there is one water fountain. I assume (abduction) that they
>> > are going to drink or that Wanda is going to hold the faucet
>> > while Paul drinks, or vice versa.
>>
>> Given just those two sentences, deduction alone cannot add
>> new information about which if any of them actually drink
>> water or hold the faucet or anything else:
>>
>> RC> 1. Paul goes to the water fountain;
>> >>
>> >> 2. Wanda goes to the water fountain;
>>
>> The only combination that can be derived by strict deduction
>> is the conjunction of #1 and #2. Other sentences can be
>> derived by generalizing (i.e., throwing away some information):
>>
>> Someone goes to the water fountain.
>>
>> Someone goes to a water fountain.
>>
>> Someone goes somewhere.
>>
>> There is a person.
>>
>> There is a water fountain.
>>
>> You can't even derive the sentence "Two people went to the
>> water fountain" unless you have additional information that
>> Paul and Wanda are names of two distinct individuals.
>>
>> By abduction, you might assume that Paul is male and Wanda
>> is female, and males are usually distinct from females.
>> But deduction alone won't allow you to make that assumption.
>> It's quite possible, for example, that Paul sometimes goes
>> in drag and takes the name Wanda.
>>
>> That is why natural language understanding requires much
>> more than just deduction.
>>
>> John Sowa
>>
>>
>>
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