The point is that the semantics and the syntax are associated at each point in
the NL derivation (in a compositional fashion), though each uses different
"logics" that are correlated. This is of course old-fashioned symbolic
computational linguistics, not new-fangled corpus-based computational
linguistics -- though of course both styles should be reconciled. (01)
Thanks,
Leo (02)
>-----Original Message-----
>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontolog-forum-
>bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Rich Cooper
>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 6:35 PM
>To: '[ontolog-forum] '
>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent Logic
>
>Thanks Leo, that paper is helpful,
>
>-Rich
>
>Sincerely,
>Rich Cooper
>EnglishLogicKernel.com
>Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
>9 4 9 \ 5 2 5 - 5 7 1 2
>
>-----Original Message-----
>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>[mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On
>Behalf Of Obrst, Leo J.
>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 1:27 PM
>To: [ontolog-forum]
>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent Logic
>
>Correction:
>
>Finger, Marcelo; Rodger Kibble; Dov Gabbay; Ruth
>Kempson. 1997. Parsing Natural Language Using LDS:
>a Prototype.
>http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=
>10.1.1.27.1968&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
>
>>-----Original Message-----
>>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>[mailto:ontolog-forum-
>>bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Obrst, Leo
>J.
>>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 3:58 PM
>>To: [ontolog-forum]
>>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent Logic
>>
>>Sure. Ruth Kempson did some early work in
>linguistics/nlp using labelled
>>deduction:
>>
>>Finger, Marcelo; Rodger Kibble; Dov Gabbay; Ruth
>Kempson. 1997. Parsing
>>Natural Language Using LDS: a
>>http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi
>=10.1.1.27.1968&rep=rep1
>>&type=pdf.
>>
>>I had also mentioned this before:
>http://ontolog.cim3.net/forum/ontolog-
>>forum/2012-08/msg00020.html.
>>
>>Thanks,
>>Leo
>>
>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>[mailto:ontolog-forum-
>>>bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Rich
>Cooper
>>>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 3:41 PM
>>>To: '[ontolog-forum] '
>>>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent
>Logic
>>>
>>>Thanks Leo and John,
>>>
>>>The phrase "Labeled Deductive Systems" sounds
>very
>>>interesting, but the Gabbay book costs $50 used.
>>>PDFs I found covered the topic but only in the
>>>math, nothing intuitive in the way of explaining
>>>the what how and why of labeled deductive
>systems.
>>>
>>>
>>>There seems to be a dual system in play, one
>>>called the Labels and the other the deduction
>>>rules. That reminds me of the Link Grammar
>>>Parser, which applies at least two layers of
>>>labels to its syntax rules and matches the
>labels
>>>against other labels stored as properties of the
>>>language's vocabulary.
>>>
>>>So with only the LGP as the exemplar, can anyone
>>>shed some more light on why how and what you
>would
>>>use a labeled deductive system for?
>>>
>>>-Rich
>>>
>>>Sincerely,
>>>Rich Cooper
>>>EnglishLogicKernel.com
>>>Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
>>>9 4 9 \ 5 2 5 - 5 7 1 2
>>>
>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>[mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]
>On
>>>Behalf Of Obrst, Leo J.
>>>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 12:09 PM
>>>To: [ontolog-forum]
>>>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent
>Logic
>>>
>>>John,
>>>
>>>RE: combining logics, you might also look at
>>>Labelled Deduction, which when pushed into the
>>>object language is a so-called "Hybrid Logic"
>>>[1-4], i.e., an extended modal logic.
>>>
>>>One might even consider IKL similar to a hybrid
>>>logic, I guess, as Pat Hayes suggests [5].
>>>
>>>[1] Gabbay, Dov. 1996. Labelled Deductive
>Systems;
>>>Principles and Applications. Vol 1:
>Introduction.
>>>Oxford University Press.
>>>
>>>[2] Blackburn, Patrick. 1999. Internalizing
>>>Labelled Deduction. In Proceedings of Hylo'99,
>>>First International Workshop on Hybrid Logics.
>>>July 13th, 1999, Saarbrücken, Germany. Published
>>>in Journal of Logic and Computation, 2000
>>>10(1):137-168.
>>>
>>>[3] Hybrid Logic.
>>>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_logic.
>>>
>>>[4] Hybrid Logic.
>>>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-hybrid/.
>>>
>>>[5] Hayes, Pat. Contexts and modalities in IKL.
>>>http://www.ihmc.us/users/phayes/IKL/GUIDE/GUIDE.
>ht
>>>ml#ContextsModalities.
>>>
>>>>-----Original Message-----
>>>>From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>[mailto:ontolog-forum-
>>>>bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of John F
>>>Sowa
>>>>Sent: Saturday, July 26, 2014 12:18 PM
>>>>To: ontolog-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
>>>>Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Paraconsistent
>Logic
>>>>
>>>>Joel Luis, Rich, and Tara,
>>>>
>>>>Thanks for the references.
>>>>
>>>>JLC
>>>>> I think that I have found some
>applications...
>>>>
>>>>Yes, those are good examples of useful
>>>applications. I did not
>>>>track down all the references, but the first
>one
>>>contained the
>>>>comment "last, we state our future development
>of
>>>EVALPSN for
>>>>defeasible deontic control."
>>>>
>>>>That confirms my suspicion that this is an
>>>interesting research
>>>>area, but the applications are still
>exploratory
>>>developments.
>>>>It's mostly R with wishful thinking about
>>>practical D.
>>>>
>>>>RC
>>>>> Here is an article that explains the basic
>>>math:
>>>>>
>>>>> 3.3 On the Philosophy and Mathematics
>>>>> of the Logics of Formal Inconsistency
>>>>>
>>>>> which starts on page 19 of the following URL:
>>>>>
>>>http://www.paraconsistency.org/book/Handbook-WCP
>5.
>>>pdf
>>>>
>>>>The book covers a wide range of topics on
>>>reasoning about inconsistency
>>>>by computers *and* by humans.
>>>>
>>>>It led me to a good survey article about
>methods
>>>for combining logics:
>>>>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-combini
>ng
>>>/
>>>>
>>>>This is another example of heavy R and little
>or
>>>no D. If I were
>>>>advising an engineer with a limited budget and
>a
>>>tight deadline,
>>>>I'd suggest something else.
>>>>
>>>>TA
>>>>> Based on the Stanford article, I would say
>that
>>>that following
>>>>> all qualify as paraconsistent logics
>(emphasis
>>>on the plural)
>>>>> * Defeasible Logics
>>>>> * Default Logics
>>>>> * Fuzzy Logics
>>>>> * Logic programming with negation as failure
>>>>
>>>>I agree that all of them are related ways of
>>>addressing similar
>>>>problems. In fact, the article mentioned above
>>>discusses the
>>>>relationship between EVALPSN and "conventional
>>>logic programming".
>>>>
>>>>But these methods have been used in practical
>>>applications for
>>>>over 3o years. Perhaps the theories of
>>>paraconsistent logic may
>>>>provide a unified foundation for them. That
>>>would be useful.
>>>>
>>>>> It appears that paraconsistent logics must be
>>>non-monotonic.
>>>>> I think it is important to bear in mind that
>>>paraconsistent
>>>>> is a characteristic that a logic can have,
>but
>>>many different
>>>>> logics can have this characteristic.
>>>>
>>>>I agree.
>>>>
>>>>I would add belief revision as a method of
>>>handling similar problems.
>>>>BR methods use metalevel reasoning about
>possibly
>>>inconsistent FO
>>>>theories to produce a revised and consistent FO
>>>theory.
>>>>
>>>>For a good 42-page intro and overview of belief
>>>revision methods,
>>>>
>>>> Peppas, Pavlos (2008) Belief revision,
>>>_Handbook of KR_,
>>>> http://pavlos.bma.upatras.gr/papers/8.pdf
>>>>
>>>>The advantage of belief (or theory) revision is
>>>that the final
>>>>result is FOL, which can be represented and
>>>implemented in a
>>>>wide range of well supported systems.
>>>>
>>>>John
>>>>
>>>>_______________________________________________
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