Dear Joe, I quite like that idea of an artificial system. What do others think? Regards Matthew West Information Junction Tel: +44 1489 880185 Mobile: +44 750 3385279 Skype: dr.matthew.west matthew.west@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx http://www.informationjunction.co.uk/ http://www.matthew-west.org.uk/ This email originates from Information Junction Ltd. Registered in England and Wales No. 6632177. Registered office: 2 Brookside, Meadow Way, Letchworth Garden City, Hertfordshire, SG6 3JE. From: ontology-summit-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontology-summit-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of joseph simpson
Sent: 20 January 2012 06:41
To: Ontology Summit 2011 discussion
Subject: Re: [ontology-summit] Large-scale engineered systems vs. large-scale sociotechnical systems Very interesting comments....
It may be possible to consider a system as a "constraint on variation."
If the defining constraint is an artifact of human activity, then these systems may be classified as artificial systems.
If the defining constraint is not an artifact of human activity, then these systems may be classified as natural systems.
Algae and bacteria growth in a free flowing river would be a natural system.
Algae and bacteria growth in a waste-water treatment plant would be considered an artificial system.
Cities are artificial systems, even though they contain natural systems (people, animals, and plants).
It may be useful to consider the primary function of an artificial system as an additional classifying attribute.
Have fun,
Joe On Thu, Jan 19, 2012 at 10:21 PM, Ali SH <asaegyn+out@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: I'd like to clarify one thing - I responded in conjunction with Jack's observation re assigning labels to natural "systems". The example of environmentalism and Severn Cullis-Suzuki suggestion that for many, the environment is "something, out there" and external to us, in order to illustrate a point about system boundaries, externalities and the value systems that are deployed in defining them. The act of decreeing system boundaries yields several consequences. It firstly reflects the value preference structure of the those who decide on the boundary. In so doing, the scoping process (possibly implicitly) defines a set of externalities. Additionally, for complex interconnected systems, sometimes effects aren't even thinkable until a critical mass or tipping point has been passed. For example, consider the case of building coal plants or other heavy polluting industrial facilities. Those who build the first 20 or even 60 did not foresee the cumulative effect of all of them working in tandem. It's only after the scale reaches a tipping that it becomes apparent that say, pollution created in power plants in Ohio are carried by the Westerlies to create smog and weather alerts in Toronto in the summer. Or that in turn, the cumulative effects of industry in Toronto percolate further eastward to afflict another region (incidentally, Canada and the US actually have a mechanism to address these types of problems). Are the effects of one coal plant in Ohio considered part of the system of say an elderly person with asthma in an urban centre hundreds of kilometers away? Should it have been within the scope of the analysis of the building of the coal plant? What about an additional plant? In terms of estimating and using systems theory to predict the effects of elements of complex socio-technical systems, we're afflicted by the biases which inform our system boundaries. The case of the Belo Monte dam in Brazil is a topical example of a curiously scoped system, it's interesting to see what is externalized to its calculus, and what is included. In terms of "so what" regarding all this and the summit. I wonder if our exploration of systems will acknowledge these choices explicitly, or whether it will be presented (or just sit there) as part of the background to systems theory. By which I mean, do we take as a starting point that there exist some set of (possibly ordered) values that inform the process of scoping a system, and will we consider strategies for at least trying to catch when mass scale, emergent effects become apparent in a system that may have initially externalized many soon to be salient factors (i.e. carbon consumption, populations of people, etc.)? In a complex socio-technical system, to what extent are system boundaries clear, stable and not fluid. What awareness exists of what has been externalized? Can the known externalities be modelled as possible future extensions? What methodologies might exist to monitor the system, it's fidelity and whether the boundaries need to be redrawn (or when the preference structure over the values informing the system change)? On Thu, Jan 19, 2012 at 6:14 PM, Gary Berg-Cross <gbergcross@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: Ali,
Thanks for the link to groovy music.
I think the lyrics are a bit more on the mysterious Eastern A-Model discussion of environment than of ecological system models. These study questions of system properties such as equilibrium of ecosystems, populations that make up the ecosystems etc. I think they can make an argument for some conceptual validity and have had something to say about the nature of complexity (in things like natural cycles) for some time. See http://www.tb.ethz.ch/education/model/stabilityandcomplexity/pimm.pdf for an example from the 80s.
You find such studies published in Nature and Science for example and ecosystem courses seem pretty well established.
Somewhere between this articles and the mystic ones are people who stretch the use if engineer to include an analog they call ecosystem engineers which are - organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of
resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials. In so doing they modify, maintain and create habitats.
http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/jspinill/documentos/ECOLOGIA/lecturas/OI_1994_69_373_386.pdf
Gary On Thu, Jan 19, 2012 at 5:34 PM, Ali Hashemi <ali@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: Dear Gary, On Thu, Jan 19, 2012 at 5:07 PM, Gary Berg-Cross <gbergcross@xxxxxxxxx> wrote: It would be nice to have such an ontology, but we don’t have to wait for one to have a discussion and see what conceptualization makes sense. Science has been helping us undestand the world for quite a while. You later used a caterpillar example, which would involve an evolved object that is part of nature. I could pursue that example but since I think of many aspects of nature as systemic I used Wetlands as an example. Here are some of the ways that I think that it qualifies as an class or instance of system looking at the share common characteristics I used: There are some criticisms of the systems perspective as applied to the environment because it suggests that humans are somehow separate or distinct from the environment. It's gained the most salience in asking how we respond to global crises of environmental degradation, resource depletion, etc.? I'll quote here from a discussion with a friend as his account is apt: [AK] There's a classic environmentalist position, that humans are mistreating or perturbing some originally sound ecological system. We humans are out of the picture in this concept of 'nature.' Having lost our oneness with it, we must now take care to act as protectors of nature, not just miners and loggers, plunderers... This is the environmentalist story. It is echoed in many forms, from hippies to the EPA to greenwashing frauds. Paths to global material & ecological sustainability have more to do with how we live as humans, than with how we live as beings-apart-from-nature or beings-one-with-nature. We should take all possible approaches to that visionary goal (sustainability). Environmentalism has a role, but will continue to fail if it only puts the focus on 'nature.' [For example, we need to consider: whether to embed into our children consumerist/industrialist values; to continue externalizing ecological costs onto each other; to keep substituting political thought with entertainment, etc... ] I read a book called "Dharma Gaia," a collection of essays linking together Buddhist non-dualism, sort of indigenous earth-holism, and 'deep ecology' (all of which can be described as "interconnectedness")... all more or less with the same message that "our conceptual separation from nature is the root of all ecological problems." And the root of our separation from nature is the very concept of self (of course, thank you Buddha). I found it mostly interesting, some of it inspiring, but ultimately did not believe it contributed very much to the solution space.
Not that I wholly agree with the above, but I think it successfully captures some of the critiques of systems thinking as applied to these 'systems'. It's also recapped quite nicely in this song - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DK0XqBknTms All this isn't to say that systems thinking isn't useful - there's obviously a lot it can contribute to our understanding of these topics - but there are also serious limitations that should also be explicated in terms of what it brings to the table. Especially in the context of these broader systems that many might describe as wicked problems. It sort of implies -- how to incorporate systems theory as one perspective amongst other perspectives in characterizing a problem space and suggesting potential solution approaches.
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