By the way, there is also a translation of some of
Ockham's Summa Logicae, (01)
http://www.pvspade.com/Logic/docs/ockham.pdf (02)
Unfortunately, this excerpt does not include Part II,
which contains the body of Ockham's model theory. (03)
And by the way, Paul Spade also has a 189-page history
of the problem of universals in the Middle Ages: (04)
http://www.pvspade.com/Logic/docs/univers.pdf (05)
This is just one part of the immense amount of discussion
about the "problem of universals" throughout history. (06)
It is also part of the reason why I strongly believe
that any topic that is so problematical and has been so
controversial for so many centuries should *not* be taken
as a foundation for any practical ontology we intend to
develop, recommend, or proliferate. (07)
I suggest the far less controversial and far easier to
explain terms 'type' and 'instance'. (08)
John Sowa (09)
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