Paola, (01)
Mathematical logic can be written in a notation that is
almost indistinguishable from a natural language. (02)
> Language and grammar are more relevant to ontology than
> mathematical logic. (03)
Following are two examples of CLCE (Common Logic Controlled
English), which maps to the version of logic that Chris M.
and several others on this list have been developing. (04)
Although CLCE can be read by anyone who can read English,
it is not really English. It is a version of mathematical
logic that can be automatically translated to various kinds
of computable formats. Unrestricted English cannot be
automatically translated to computable formats. (05)
John
____________________________________________________________ (06)
There is an organization named 'The National Hurricane Center'; (07)
In a city named 'New Orleans', in August 2005, { (08)
There is a mayor of New Orleans named Nagin;
There is a hurricane named Katrina. (09)
On Friday, 26 August,
The National Hurricane Center predicts
that Katrina hits New Orleans. (010)
On Saturday,
Mayor Nagin calls for a voluntary evacuation of the city. (011)
On Sunday,
Mayor Nagin orders an evacuation of New Orleans. (012)
On Monday,
Hurricane Katrina hits New Orleans;
The hurricane causes a breech in a levee;
Water flows through the breach;
The water floods the city.
}
____________________________________________________________ (013)
/* An ontology about the managers and employees of some company. */ (014)
Types: (015)
Import Act, Person, Organization, Relationship
from "http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/sample.htm";. (016)
CEO < Manager < Employee < Person. (017)
Manage < Act. (018)
Report < Act. (019)
Company < Organization. (020)
DottedLine < Relationship. (021)
Vocabulary: (022)
Import * from "http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/sample.htm";. (023)
CEO; noun, plural -s, functional; type CEO. (024)
chief executive officer; noun, plural -s, functional; type CEO. (025)
dotted line; noun, plural -s; type DottedLine. (026)
Patterns: (027)
An employee of a company. (028)
A manager in a company. (029)
The CEO of a company. (030)
An employee works for a company. (031)
A manager manages an employee. (032)
An employee reports to an employee. (033)
An employee directly reports to a manager. (034)
/* An employee could report "by a dotted line" to a manager in */
/* another division or to a project leader who is not a manager. */ (035)
An employee reports to an employee by a dotted line. (036)
Constraints: (037)
A person works for a company,
if and only if
the person is an employee of the company. (038)
An employee x of a company is a manager in the company,
if and only if
the employee x manages another employee of the company. (039)
A manager of a company manages an employee of the company,
if and only if
the employee directly reports to that manager. (040)
If an employee of a company directly reports
to a manager x in the company,
then the employee does not directly report
to any other manager in the company. (041)
/* The next two paragraphs are a recursive definition of "reports to" */
/* as the transitive closure of "directly reports to". */ (042)
Every employee who directly reports to a manager reports to that manager. (043)
If an employee x of a company directly reports
to a manager y in the company,
and the manager y reports to a manager z in the company,
then the employee x reports to the manager z. (044)
If an employee x reports to an employee y by a dotted line,
then the employee x reports to the employee y
but does not directly report to y. (045)
For every company,
exactly one manager in the company is the CEO of the company;
every employee of the company except the CEO reports to the CEO;
the CEO of the company does not report to any employee of the company. (046)
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