On 1/19/15 1:19 AM, John F Sowa wrote:
> A while ago, I posted reports about the IKRIS project on my web site.
> Since then, I added more citations and commentary about documents on
> related issues from the 1980s to the present. I also changed the title:
>
> http://www.jfsowa.com/ikl/index.htm
> Semantics for Interoperable Systems
>
> The documents, which are listed in roughly chronological order,
> present a narrative of research, applications, and requirements
> for interoperable systems. The documents speak for themselves,
> but I added comments to relate them. Following is a summary
> of the three sections:
>
> 1. From the Conceptual Schema to the Semantic Web
>
> The citations begin with work on conceptual schemas for database
> systems in the 1980s, some early collaborations between AI and DB
> researchers, and influential papers by McCarthy, Minsky, and others.
>
> To highlight certain issues, I also extracted some diagrams from
> the documents. Figure 1 shows the ANSI-SPARC three-schema approach
> for databases (conceptual, internal, and external schemas).
>
> Figure 2, from a W3C document by Guha and Bray, illustrates the
> Metacontent Framework (MCF), which was later renamed RDF.
>
> Figure 3 is from slides on the DAML project, which Jim Hendler
> presented to DARPA management in 2000.
>
> Figure 4 shows the Semantic Web "layer cakes" in 2000, 2001, and 2005.
>
> 2. The IKRIS Project
>
> The project for Interoperable Knowledge Representation for Intelligence
> Systems (IKRIS) was funded for 18 months in 2005 and 2006. Its major
> achievement was the development of the IKL logic as an extension to
> Common Logic. Subgroups of IKRIS demonstrated the use of IKL for
> various applications. They include representations for contexts,
> metalanguage, and semantic interchange among large knowledge based
> systems.
>
> This section consists of subsection 2.1 for some official IKRIS reports
> and 2.2 for related research and applications. It ends with Figure 5 on
> approaches to interoperability. A comparison of Figures 1 and 5 shows
> that issues raised in the 1970s and '80s are still major R & D problems.
>
> 3. Later Developments
>
> The final section, which is still being extended, cites more recent
> developments. Figure 6 on Common Logic comes from a slide I used
> in a tutorial. Pat Hayes also used a copy of that slide in a
> tutorial that he presented in the same session.
>
> Any selection of documents has some point of view. I state my views
> explicitly in two documents cited at the end of this section:
> "Future directions for semantic systems" and "Why has AI failed?
> And how can it succeed?"
>
> John (01)
John, (02)
Great material, and thanks for sharing in HTML form. (03)
Here are a few comments I have about RDF in general, in regards to how
its value proposition narrative ended up being so confusing. (04)
As you know, and have stated repeatedly, standards as supposed to be
retrospective rather than prospective. In this regard, RDF was pitched
(intentionally or inadvertently) using a prospective meme. (05)
As I've combed through RDF in recent times, its dawned on me that RDF is
indeed a retrospective standard. Basically, it was/is about
standardizing an aspect of the Web's architecture that was in broad use
i.e., Link: relations in HTTP and <link/> relations in HTML. It just so
happened that XML preoccupation (exemplified by RDF/XML snafu!) veered
everyone away from the obvious i.e., that the notion of relations was
integral to the Web's fundamental design, exemplified by <link/> (in
HTML) and Link: (in HTTP) notations for representing RDF language triples. (06)
Here are some examples of the same relations represented in RDF Language
(subject->predicate->object based 3-tuples), using various notations: (07)
Plain Old Semantic HTML : (08)
<link rel="about"
href="http://data.openlinksw.com/oplweb/product_family/virtuoso#this";
title="Virtuoso Product Family" /> (09)
HTTP Link: Relations Notation: (010)
Link: <http://data.openlinksw.com/oplweb/product_family/virtuoso#this> ;
rel="about" (011)
TURTLE: (012)
<>
xhv:about
<http://data.openlinksw.com/oplweb/product_family/virtuoso#this> . (013)
The "about" relation is one of many IANA documented relations: (014)
[1] http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6903 -- description of "about" relation
[2] http://www.iana.org/assignments/link-relations/link-relations.xhtml
-- IANA relations registry
[3] http://linkeddata.uriburner.com/c/9DW7WNMB -- original Web design
document enhanced with Linked Data URIs as entity naming/identification
mechanism. (015)
--
Regards, (016)
Kingsley Idehen
Founder & CEO
OpenLink Software
Company Web: http://www.openlinksw.com
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Personal WebID: http://kingsley.idehen.net/dataspace/person/kidehen#this (017)
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