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Re: [ontolog-forum] Relationship: n-ary vs binary

To: "[ontolog-forum] " <ontolog-forum@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
From: "Azamat" <abdoul@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Thu, 12 Feb 2009 19:26:17 +0200
Message-id: <001701c98d37$03e7a440$a104810a@homepc>

Thank you, Paola
Indeed, relationship, its nature and forms, has poor understanding, notwithstanding that it is the principle of order making the whole physical universe go: space-time, forces, matter-energy relationships, fundamental interactions, physical laws, all are natural kinds of relationships.
 
To establish the proper ontological status, the relationship's nature, meanings, structure and principles have been analyzed in the Chapters (See PDF Doc.): 
Chapter V. What Orders Reality; Chapter VI. What Organizes the World: N-ary Relationships; Chapter VII. What Determines Reality: Causality. 
 
PS: And sorry for its high price, have nothing to do with this, ...and nothing get from this. 
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Thursday, February 12, 2009 4:03 PM
Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Relationship: n-ary vs binary

Azamat
I remember reading with great interest that part of your book
which really opened up my mind to understanding relationships

what was it? chapter X?
I hope it resonates sooner rather than later


PDM

On Thu, Feb 12, 2009 at 8:54 PM, Azamat <abdoul@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:
On Thursday, February 12, 2009 3:56 AM, Ravi wrote:
 
But for practical applications we need to know how to test whether a given relation (say a few triples described by same relation type) are conforming to Cartesian product of a set?
 
As a product of three sets, X, Y, and Z, a general Cartesian product is reduced to an ordered triple of class variables: X x Y x Z . The _expression_ on a Cartesian grid  is defined as the construct consisting of all ordered triples <x, y, z>, where the members are the elements, individual variables, of the respective sets. Your experimental results or observations of some tripley related things could be depicted on 3D graphs or charts, on which, for instance, weeks (Time, X) will be connected with Dow-Jones (Index Number, Y) and interest rates (Economic fundamentals, Z); or commodity production figures with prices and calendar years, etc.
Since the relations can be of many sorts, causal, temporal, spatial, quantitative, qualitative, formal, logical, to establish a specific type one looks at the nature of relatives, or components, origin and direction of dependency, correlation (statistics), as well as their formal properties. 
 
RS: Are sets the same as subject and object pair, tied by the relation?
If i got the question right, yes and no. As such, everything is connected with anything. For the sake of analysis, it is commonly identified two types of relationships: simple, pure or homogeneous, and complex, heterogeneous.
The first type is composed of the same kinds of things as the relatives:
1. substances related with substances, individuals with individuals, objects with objects, as space relations;
2. states with states; qualities (quantities) with qualities (quantities);
3. changes with changes, processes with processes, actions with actions, events with events, as causality and time relations;
4. relationships  with relationships, as analogy and proportion.
 
The second type deals with different levels of relatives:
1. whole/part, with many different sorts;
2. universal/particular, as generalization or instantiation;
3. class/member, as membership or subsumption
 
Kant viewed relation as one of the canonic classes of things, ranking it as: i. the substance-property relation (subject-predicate) logic; ii. causality-dependence; iii. reciprocal relation (community, reciprocality, a relation of mutual dependence, action, or influence). 
Summing up:
Relationship is an ultimate criterion of any reference ontology candidate; for RELATIONSHIP IS A MUST IN STANDARD ONTOLOGY.
 
Many thanks for the discerning reading.
Azamat Abdoullaev
 
 
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Thursday, February 12, 2009 3:56 AM
Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Relationship: n-ary vs binary

Azamat

Great clarity and definition of relation – I guess what you describe ought to also factor in predicate analysis.

But for practical applications we need to know how to test whether a given relation (say a few triples described by same relation type) are conforming to Cartesian product of a set? Are sets the same as subject and object pair, tied by the relation?

Thanks for starting the Wiki page as well..

Ravi

(Dr. Ravi Sharma)

313 204 1740 Mobile

drravisharma@xxxxxxxxx

 


From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx [mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx] On Behalf Of Azamat
Sent: Wednesday, February 11, 2009 11:55 AM
To: [ontolog-forum]
Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Relationship: n-ary vs binary

 

Relation is a canonic class of any ontology. It is characterized by substantial properties and formal attributes. Of the material properties, there are their reality, nature and type and direction of dependency. Of the second, there are transitivity, symmetry, reflexivity, and n-ary, or cardinality, terms, or tuples, of domains, elements, components, or arguments).

The typical mathematical reading of relation is an extensive set of ordered elements (as ordered pairs, Kuratowski, Wiener, Skolem; well-ordering axiom).

There are two formal definitions of relationship deserving attention, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation_(mathematics):

i. [A relation R over the sets X1, …, Xk is a subset of their Cartesian product, written R X1 × … × Xk.].

ii. [A relation R over the sets X1, …, Xk is a (k+1)-tuple R = (X1, …, Xk, G(L)), where G(L) is a subset of the Cartesian product X1 × … × Xk. G(L) is called the graph of L.]

So, one can say "an n-ary relation is an ordered class of n-tuples, or it is an ordered class of (n+1) tuple". Three things are of importance here:

1. the components of relations are of the same kind and sorts, objects, persons, qualities, quantities, times;

2. ordering of relations, their direction, a triadic 'giving', tetradic 'paying' or triadic 'betweenness';

3. the key sense of relationship is represented by the graph, indicating its nature and kind: if it's causal relation, temporal relation, spatial relation, semantic relation, logical relation, etc.

Think of the complex case of social networks, where social relationships described in terms of nodes (agents) and ties (relationships), of different sorts and kinds, like as emotional, friendly, economical, political, or commercial links and connections. 

Any general ontology missing the class of relation as the fundamental category of reality is internally defective. For example, there is a comprehensive scheme of categories of reality proposed by Chisholm, who divided Entia into Contingent things (States (Events) and Individuals (Boundaries and Substances) and Necessary things (States and Nonstates (Attributes and Substances).  Since the class of relationship is deprecated, the scheme is missing the adhesive of all things, Relationship, as well as Time and Space.  

 

Azamat Abdoullaev

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



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