On Tue, Jan 19, 2010 at 2:39 PM, Gary Berg-Cross <gbergcross@xxxxxxxxx>
wrote:
There is also work on Brain Imaging that suggests how concepts are
coded. The article below discusses the results on work at Carnegie Mellon University
by Tom Mitchell and others that is worth tracking for its insights into
cognitive function and language.
Scientists
crack brain's codes for noun meanings
January
13, 2010
Two
hundred years ago, archaeologists used the Rosetta Stone to understand the
ancient Egyptian scrolls. Now, a team of Carnegie Mellon
University scientists has
discovered the beginnings of a neural Rosetta Stone. By combining brain imaging
and machine learning techniques, neuroscientists Marcel Just and Vladimir
Cherkassky and computer scientists Tom Mitchell and Sandesh Aryal determined
how the brain arranges noun representations. Understanding how the brain codes
nouns is important for treating psychiatric and neurological illnesses.
"In
effect, we discovered how the brain's dictionary is organized," said Just,
the D.O. Hebb Professor of Psychology and director of the Center for Cognitive
Brain Imaging. "It isn't alphabetical or ordered by the sizes of objects
or their colors. It's through the three basic features that the brain uses to
define common nouns like apartment, hammer and carrot."
As the
researchers report today in the journal PLoS One,
the three codes or factors concern basic human fundamentals: (1) how you
physically interact with the object (how you hold it, kick it, twist it, etc.);
(2) how it is related to eating (biting, sipping, tasting, swallowing); and (3)
how it is related to shelter or enclosure. The three factors, each coded in
three to five different locations in the brain, were found by a computer
algorithm that searched for commonalities among brain areas
in how participants responded to 60 different nouns describing physical
objects. For example, the word apartment evoked high activation in the five
areas that code shelter-related words.
In the
case of hammer, the motor cortex was the brain area activated to code the
physical interaction. "To the brain, a key part of the meaning of hammer
is how you hold it, and it is the sensory-motor cortex that represents 'hammer
holding,'" said Cherkassky, who has a background in both computer science
and neuroscience.
The
research also showed that the noun meanings were coded similarly in all of the
participants' brains. "This result demonstrates that when two people think
about the word 'hammer' or 'house,' their brain activation patterns are very
similar. But beyond that, our results show that these three discovered brain
codes capture key building blocks also shared across people," said
Mitchell, head of the Machine Learning Department in the School of Computer
Science.
This
study marked the first time that the thoughts stimulated by words alone were
accurately identified using brain imaging, in contrast to earlier studies that
used picture stimuli or pictures together with words. The programs were able to
identify the thought without benefit of a picture representation in the visual
area of the brain, focusing instead on the semantic or conceptual
representation of the objects.
Additionally,
the team was able to predict where the activation would be for a previously
unseen noun. A computer program assigned a score to each word for each of the
three dimensions, and that score predicted how much brain activation there
would be in each of 12 specified brain locations. The theory generated a prediction
of the activation for apartment based only on the patterns derived from the
other 59 words. As one slice of the observed brain image from a human
participant (left) and the theory (right) shows, the theory makes precise
predictions, particularly about the two shelter-related coding areas in this
slice (circled), where brighter red indicates more activation.
To test
the theory, the team used the word scores to identify which word a participant
was thinking about, just by analyzing the person's brain activation patterns
for that word. The program was able to tell which of the 60 words a participant
was thinking about, with a rank accuracy as high as 84 percent for two of the
participants, and an average rank accuracy of 72 percent across all 10 participants
(where pure guessing would be accurate 50 percent of the time).
One
absent code in the study that is essential for the human species concerns sex
or love or reproduction. "Our vocabulary of 60 test nouns lacked any words
related to the missing dimension, such as 'spouse' or 'boyfriend' or even
'person,'" Just said. "We certainly expect some human dimension to be
part of the brain's coding of nouns, in addition to the three dimensions we
found."
"With
psychiatric and neurological illnesses, the meanings of certain concepts are
sometimes distorted," Just said. "These new techniques make it
possible to measure those distortions and point toward a way to 'undistort'
them. For example, a person with agoraphobia, the fear of open spaces, might
have an exaggerated coding of the shelter dimension. A person with autism might
have a weaker coding of social contact."
Another
implication is in developing and testing domain expertise at the neural level.
"We teach to the mind but we are shaping the brain, and now we can give
the brain a test of how well it has learned a concept," says Just.
"If an instructor knows how an advanced concept is represented in the
brains of experts in that area, she will be able to teach to the brain test. We
can do it for hammers and carrots right now. In the near future isotope and
telomere may soon be on some brain researcher's agenda."
More information: http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008622
On Mon, Jan 18, 2010 at 5:00 PM, Rich Cooper <rich@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
wrote:
I found this video of
V.S. Ramachandran explaining his view of how mirror
neurons made the last three hundred thousand years of human development
possible:
http://www.ted.com/talks/vs_ramachandran_the_neurons_that_shaped_civilizatio
n.html
He claims that the MNs are responsible for our ability to use language
(among the usual differentiae), though he doesn't go into detail about why
he thinks that. Kinda makes you wonder if there is an individual ontology
described in each brain in a way that maps through the mirror neurons. Or
not.
It's worth watching, IMHO.
-Rich
Sincerely,
Rich Cooper
EnglishLogicKernel.com
Rich AT EnglishLogicKernel DOT com
-----Original Message-----
From: ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
[mailto:ontolog-forum-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx]
On Behalf Of John F. Sowa
Sent: Sunday, January 17, 2010 11:00 PM
To: [ontolog-forum]
Subject: Re: [ontolog-forum] Ontologist Aptitude Test?
Gary,
Those are good points.
GBC> I think that the value of such creative people and the atmosphere
> they create often exceeds the small salary and lab costs they
require.
Yes. The cost of a major project with a cast of thousands is enormous.
In comparison, the salaries of a few talented people like Claude Shannon
or Richard Hamming are relatively modest. They might not come up with
revolutionary ideas on a predictable schedule, but the ideas that they
do create can lead to breakthroughs that the large projects would never
produce.
GBC> Indeed keeping these technologists seems much cheaper and more
> important than keeping corresponding financial types with 100
million
> dollar bonuses.
Yes indeed. At IBM (and other companies), the largest payments went to
the sales division, where the employees got a commission on each sale.
But the scientists and engineers who designed the products got a nice
plaque to hang on the wall.
This disparity in earnings is not lost on students, who discover
that they can get much bigger rewards by becoming fast-talking paper
shufflers than by spending long years in studying science.
GBC> Companies like At&T that embraced new ideas were likely to have
> higher stock prices and to appear on 'most admired' lists.
The admiration is nice, but the steady stream of creative innovations
supports long-term growth, which makes such companies sound investments.
In high-tech industries, innovations are essential to growth. But in
financial institutions, the things they call "innovations" tend to be
the risky "derivatives", whose impact on the economy can be
disastrous.
In the recent economic meltdown, Canada was relatively unscathed
because their bankers were very stodgy and traditional Scottish
"penny pinchers", who didn't trust those new fangled innovations.
And they were right.
Bottom line: The best bankers are the ones who *don't* get bonuses.
John
PS: Lloyd Blankfein, the CEO of Goldman Sachs, said that he was
just a banker doing "God's work". A columnist remarked
"Yes, and
his god is called Mammon."
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--
Gary Berg-Cross,Ph.D.
gbergcross@xxxxxxxxx
http://ontolog.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?GaryBergCross
SOCoP Executive Secretary
Knowledge Strategies
Semantic Technology
Potomac, MD
240-426-0770
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