;; ==============================
;;      MILO (MId-Level Ontology)
;; ==============================

;; This is the source file for the MILO (MId-Level Ontology), an ontology that 
;; is being developed as a bridge between the abstract content of the SUMO and 
;; the rich detail of the various Teknowledge domain ontologies.  The MILO is 
;; at this point in time (April 2003) provisional and incomplete.  It will be 
;; actively modified and greatly enlarged at least through the end of 2003.  
;; Those who are interested in making use of this ontology are urged 
;; to contact Adam Pease (apease@ks.teknowledge.com) or Ian Niles 
;; (iniles@teknowledge.com) for the latest version.

;; The MILO (MId-Level Ontology) is copyrighted by Teknowledge (c) 
;; 2003.  It is released under the GNU Public License 
;; <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html>.  Users of this code also consent, by 
;; use of this material, to credit Teknowledge in any writings, briefings, 
;; publications, presentations, or other representations of any code or other 
;; product which incorporates, builds on, or uses this material. 


;; ===========
;; New Content
;; ===========

;; The following content (down to the header for "Elements Ontology") was 
;; newly created for the MILO.

(subclass HumanCorpse Human)
(documentation HumanCorpse "A &%Human which is &%Dead.")

(<=>
   (instance ?CORPSE HumanCorpse)
   (and
      (instance ?CORPSE Human)
      (attribute ?CORPSE Dead)))

(subclass HumanSlave Human)
(documentation HumanSlave "A &%Human who is owned by someone else.")

(=>
   (instance ?SLAVE HumanSlave)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (and
         (instance ?PERSON Human)
         (not (equal ?PERSON ?SLAVE))
         (possesses ?PERSON ?SLAVE))))

(subclass Man Human)
(documentation Man "The class of &%Male &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?MAN Man)
   (attribute ?MAN Male))

(subclass Woman Human)
(documentation Woman "The class of &%Female &%Humans.")

(=>
   (instance ?WOMAN Woman) 
   (attribute ?WOMAN Female))

(subclass HumanAdult Human)
(documentation HumanAdult "The class of &%Humans that are 18 years of 
age or older.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ADULT HumanAdult)
      (age ?ADULT (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)))
   (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 18))

(subclass HumanYouth Human)
(documentation HumanYouth "The class of &%Humans that are younger than 
18 years of age.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?YOUTH HumanYouth)
      (age ?YOUTH (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER 18))

(subclass HumanChild HumanYouth)
(documentation HumanChild "A &%HumanYouth between birth and puberty, i.e a 
&%Human who is &%NonFullyFormed.")

(=>
   (instance ?CHILD HumanChild)
   (attribute ?CHILD NonFullyFormed))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHILD HumanChild)
      (age ?CHILD (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 14)) 

(subclass Teenager HumanYouth)
(documentation Teenager "A &%HumanYouth between puberty and the age of 20.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TEEN Teenager)
      (age ?TEEN (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)))
   (and
      (greaterThan ?NUMBER 12)
      (lessThan ?NUMBER 20))) 

(subclass Boy HumanChild)
(subclass Boy Man)
(documentation Boy "A &%HumanChild who is &%Male.")

(subclass Girl HumanChild)
(subclass Girl Woman)
(documentation Girl "A &%HumanChild who is &%Female.")

(subclass HumanBaby HumanChild)
(documentation HumanBaby "A &%Human between birth and the first year of age.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BABY HumanBaby)
      (age ?CHILD (MeasureFn ?NUMBER YearDuration)))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 1)) 

(subclass Stepping BodyMotion)
(documentation Stepping "The &%BodyMotion of extending one foot forward 
and then bringing the other foot to the same lateral position as the 
first leg.")

(partition Ambulating Walking Running)

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AMBULATE Ambulating)
      (agent ?AMBULATE ?AGENT))
   (attribute ?AGENT Standing))

(=>
   (instance ?AMBULATE Ambulating)
   (exists (?SUB)
      (and
         (subclass ?SUB Stepping)
         (forall (?INST)
            (<=>
               (instance ?INST ?SUB)
               (subProcess ?INST ?AMBULATE))))))

(subclass Walking Ambulating)
(documentation Walking "&%Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a 
way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground.")

(subclass Running Ambulating)
(documentation Running "&%Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a 
way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a 
period of time.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WALK Walking)
      (instance ?RUN Running)
      (agent ?WALK ?AGENT)
      (agent ?RUN ?AGENT)
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?WALK) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH1 ?TIME)))
      (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?RUN) (measure ?AGENT (SpeedFn ?LENGTH2 ?TIME))))
   (greaterThan ?LENGTH2 ?LENGTH1))

(subclass ReflectingLight RadiatingLight)
(documentation ReflectingLight "Those instances of &%RadiatingLight where the 
&%instrument is not a light source, but is simply a surface which bends light 
waves that come in contact with it.")

(subclass Vocalizing RadiatingSound)
(subclass Vocalizing BodyMotion)
(documentation Vocalizing "Any instance of &%RadiatingSound where the 
&%instrument is the &%Human vocal cords.  This covers grunts, screams, 
roars, as well as &%Speaking.")

(=>
   (instance ?VOCAL Vocalizing)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (agent ?VOCAL ?HUMAN)
         (instrument ?VOCAL ?HUMAN))))

(subclass Speaking LinguisticCommunication)
(subclass Speaking Vocalizing)
(documentation Speaking "Any &%LinguisticGeneration which is also a 
&%Vocalizing, i.e. any &%LinguisticCommunication by a &%Human which 
involves his/her vocal cords.")

(subclass Singing Speaking)
(subclass Singing Music)
(documentation Singing "&%Speaking that is also &%Music.")

(subclass Lyrics Text)
(documentation Lyrics "Any &%Text which is intended to be sung.")

(=>
   (instance ?LYRIC Lyrics)
   (hasPurpose ?LYRIC (exists (?SING)
                         (and
                            (instance ?SING Singing)
                            (patient ?SING ?LYRIC)))))

(subclass InstrumentalMusic Music)
(documentation InstrumentalMusic "&%Music which is produced (at least in part) 
by a &%MusicalInstrument.")

(=>
   (instance ?MUSIC InstrumentalMusic)
   (exists (?INSTRUMENT)
      (and
         (instance ?INSTRUMENT MusicalInstrument)
         (instrument ?MUSIC ?INSTRUMENT))))

(subclass Piano MusicalInstrument)
(documentation Piano "A &%MusicalInstrument with keys that, when pressed down, 
activate hammers that, in turn, strike strings.")

(partition Music MonophonicMusic PolyphonicMusic)

(subclass MonophonicMusic Music)
(documentation MonophonicMusic "&%Music which has a single part, i.e. &%Music 
which cannot be divided into two or more contemporaneous &%subProcesses which 
are also instances of &%Music.")

(subclass PolyphonicMusic Music)
(documentation PolyphonicMusic "&%Music which has two or more parts, i.e. &%Music 
which can be divided into two or more contemporaneous &%subProcesses which are 
also instances of &%Music.")

(<=>
   (instance ?MUSIC PolyphonicMusic)
   (exists (?PART1 ?PART2)
      (and
         (instance ?MUSIC Music)
         (instance ?PART1 Music)
         (instance ?PART2 Music)
         (subProcess ?PART1 ?MUSIC)
         (subProcess ?PART2 ?MUSIC)
         (not (equal ?PART1 ?PART2))
         (cooccur ?PART1 ?MUSIC)
         (cooccur ?PART2 ?MUSIC))))  

(subclass WrittenCommunication LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation WrittenCommunication "Any &%LinguisticCommunication where the 
&%instrument is a &%Text, e.g. a letter, an email, a memo, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMUNICATE WrittenCommunication)
   (exists (?WRITE ?READ ?TEXT)
      (and
         (instance ?WRITE Writing)
         (instance ?READ Reading)
         (instance ?TEXT Text)
         (instrument ?COMMUNICATE ?TEXT)
         (result ?WRITE ?TEXT)
         (patient ?READ ?TEXT)
         (subProcess ?WRITE ?COMMUNICATE)
         (subProcess ?READ ?COMMUNICATE))))

(subclass Reminding Requesting)
(documentation Reminding "Any &%Requesting that is intended to cause a 
&%Remembering of something.")

(=>
   (instance ?REMIND Reminding)
   (exists (?REMEMBER)
      (and
         (instance ?REMEMBER Remembering)
         (causes ?REMIND ?REMEMBER))))

(subclass Threatening Committing)
(documentation Threatening "Any &%Committing where the thing promised 
is something that is deemed undesirable by the &%destination of the 
&%Committing.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?THREATEN Threatening)
      (agent ?THREATEN ?AGENT)
      (patient ?THREATEN ?PROP)
      (destination ?THREATEN ?DEST))
  (not (desires ?DEST ?PROP)))

(subclass Punishing OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Punishing "Any &%OrganizationalProcess where the &%agent 
does something to the &%destination that the &%agent knows is undesirable 
for the &%destination.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PUNISH Punishing)
      (agent ?PUNISH ?AGENT)
      (patient ?PUNISH ?PROP)
      (destination ?PUNISH ?DEST))
  (knows ?AGENT (not (desires ?DEST ?PROP))))

(subclass Registering Stating)
(subclass Registering PoliticalProcess)
(documentation Registering "Submitting official paperwork in a government 
agency, e.g. filing for divorce, making a legal claim against someone.")

(=>
   (instance ?ACTION LegalAction)
   (exists (?REGISTER)
      (and
         (instance ?REGISTER Registering)
         (subProcess ?REGISTER ?ACTION))))

(subclass Answering Stating)
(documentation Answering "Responding to a &%Questioning, i.e. trying to answer 
someone's question.")

(=>
   (instance ?ANSWER Answering)
   (exists (?QUESTION)
      (and
         (instance ?QUESTION Questioning)
         (refers ?ANSWER ?QUESTION)
         (earlier (WhenFn ?QUESTION) (WhenFn ?ANSWER)))))

(subclass Arguing Stating)
(documentation Arguing "Any &%Stating which has the form of an &%Argument.")

(=>
   (instance ?ARGUE Arguing)
   (exists (?STATEMENT)
      (and
         (patient ?ARGUE ?STATEMENT)
         (instance ?STATEMENT Statement)
         (containsInformation ?STATEMENT ?ARGUMENT)
         (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument))))

(subclass StatingALie Stating)
(documentation StatingALie "Any &%Stating which is both &%False and believed 
to be &%False by the &%agent of the &%Stating.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE StatingALie)
      (agent ?STATE ?AGENT)
      (patient ?STATE ?STATEMENT))
   (and
      (true ?STATMENT False)
      (believes ?AGENT (true ?STATEMENT False))))

(subclass Wedding Declaring)
(documentation Wedding "Any &%Declaring that leads to one person being 
the &%spouse of another.")

(=>
   (instance ?WED Wedding)
   (exists (?PERSON1 ?PERSON2)
      (result ?WED (spouse ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2))))

(subclass Founding Declaring)
(subclass Founding OrganizationalProcess)
(documentation Founding "Setting up an &%Organization.")

(=>
   (instance ?FOUND Founding)
   (exists (?ORG)
      (and
         (instance ?ORG Organization)
         (result ?FOUND ?ORG)))) 

(subclass Naming Declaring)
(documentation "The &%Process of assigning a name to someone or something.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PROCESS Naming)
      (patient ?PROCESS ?THING)
      (destination ?PROCESS ?NAME))
   (holdsDuring (FutureFn (WhenFn ?PROCESS)) (names ?NAME ?THING)))

(subclass Indicating Communication)
(subclass Indicating BodyMotion)
(documentation Indicating "Pointing out a person, place or thing with 
one's hand or with an &%Artifact.")

(subclass Projectile Weapon)
(documentation Projectile "A missile, bullet, etc. that is fired from 
a &%Weapon.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROJECTILE Projectile)
   (capability Shooting patient ?PROJECTILE))

(subclass ProjectileShell Container)
(documentation ProjectileShell "The outer casing of a &%Projectile.")

(=>
   (instance ?PROJECTILE Projectile)
   (exists (?SHELL)
      (and
         (instance ?SHELL ProjectileShell)
         (part ?SHELL ?PROJECTILE))))

(subclass Gun Weapon)
(partition Gun ArtilleryGun Firearm)
(documentation Gun "A &%Weapon that shoots a &%Projectile.")

(=>
   (instance ?GUN Gun)
   (capability Shooting instrument ?GUN))

(=>
   (instance ?SHOOT Shooting)
   (exists (?PROJECTILE ?GUN)
      (and
         (instance ?PROJECTILE Projectile)
         (patient ?SHOOT ?PROJECTILE)
         (instance ?GUN Gun)
         (instrument ?SHOOT ?GUN))))

(subclass GunStock EngineeringComponent)
(documentation GunStock "The part of a &%Gun that is placed against the 
shoulder to absorb some of the recoil action when it is fired.")

(=>
   (instance ?STOCK GunStock)
   (exists (?GUN)
      (and
         (instance ?GUN Gun)
         (part ?STOCK ?GUN))))

(subclass ArtilleryGun Gun)
(documentation ArtilleryGun "A &%Gun that is too large to be carried and fired 
by a single &%Human.  Typically, &%ArtilleryGuns are on wheels.") 

(subclass Firearm Gun)
(partition Firearm Rifle Pistol)
(documentation Firearm "A &%Gun that is small enough to be carried and fired by 
a single &%Human.")

(subclass Rifle Firearm)
(documentation Rifle "A &%Firearm with a long barrel that is intended to be fired 
from the shoulder.")

(subclass Pistol Firearm)
(documentation Pistol "A &%Firearm that is intended to be aimed and fired with a 
single hand.")

(subclass Manifold EngineeringComponent)
(documentation Manifold "A pipe which has several outlets for other pipes that flow 
into or out of it.")

(subclass BirthControlDevice Device)
(documentation BirthControlDevice "&%Devices which permit sexual intercourse but 
which reduce the likelihood of conception.")

(subclass SwitchDevice Device)
(documentation SwitchDevice "A &%Device which is capable of turning an 
&%ElectricDevice on and off.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE SwitchDevice)
   (exists (?PROC1 ?PROC2 ?ELECTRIC)
      (and
         (instrument ?PROC1 ?DEVICE)
         (causes ?PROC1 ?PROC2)
         (instrument ?PROC2 ?ELECTRIC)
         (instance ?ELECTRIC ElectricDevice))))

(subclass Transducer Device)
(documentation Transducer "A &%Device which is capable of converting one form of 
energy into another.")

(subclass Aerator Device)
(documentation Aerator "A &%Device whose purpose is to mix &%Substances with 
&%Air.")

(=>
   (instance ?AERATOR Aerator)
   (hasPurpose ?AERATOR (exists (?COMBINE)
                           (and
                              (instance ?COMBINE Combining)
                              (resource ?COMBINE ?AIR)
                              (instance ?AIR Air)
                              (instrument ?COMBINE ?AERATOR)))))

(subclass Filter Device)
(documentation Filter "A &%Device whose purpose is to remove part of a 
&%Solution that is passed through the &%Filter.")

(=>
   (instance ?FILTER Filter)
   (hasPurpose ?FILTER (exists (?REMOVE ?SOLUTION)
                          (and
                             (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
                             (origin ?REMOVE ?SOLUTION)
                             (instance ?SOLUTION Solution)
                             (instrument ?REMOVE ?FILTER)))))

(subclass FileDevice Device)
(documentation FileDevice "A &%Device whose purpose is to make something 
smoother.  For example, a nail file is used to even out the tips of one's 
finger nails.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE FileDevice)
   (capability SurfaceChange instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass ElectricDevice Device)
(documentation ElectricDevice "Any &%Device that is powered by electricity.")

(subclass Radar ElectricDevice)
(documentation Radar "An &%ElectricDevice that emits and receives microwave 
radiation for the purpose of locating and tracking distant objects.")

(=>
   (instance ?RADAR Radar)
   (hasPurpose ?RADAR (exists (?DISCOVER)
                         (and
                            (instance ?DISCOVER Discovering)
                            (instrument ?DISCOVER ?RADAR)))))

(subclass SecurityDevice Device)
(documentation SecurityDevice "A &%Device whose purpose is to protect people or 
property from kidnappers and/or thieves.")

(subclass Lock SecurityDevice)
(documentation Lock "A &%Device, which, through a &%Key or a combination prevents 
access to a &%Container or &%StationaryArtifact.")

(subclass Key SecurityDevice)
(documentation Key "A &%Device which opens and closes a &%Lock.")

(=>
   (instance ?KEY Key)
   (exists (?LOCK)
      (and
         (instance ?LOCK Lock)
         (capability Opening instrument ?LOCK)
         (capability Closing instrument ?LOCK))))
   
(subclass SecurityAlarm SecurityDevice)
(subclass SecurityAlarm ElectricDevice)
(documentation SecurityAlarm "A &%SecurityDevice that detects intrusions to 
a &%StationaryArtifact and issues a warning of some sort.")

(partition Quantity FiniteQuantity InfiniteQuantity)

(subclass FiniteQuantity Quantity)
(documentation FiniteQuantity "Any &%Quantity that is limited or bounded in 
magnitude.")

(subclass InfiniteQuantity Quantity)
(documentation InfiniteQuantity "Any &%Quantity that is not limited or bounded 
in magnitude.")

(subclass MeasuringDevice Device)
(documentation MeasuringDevice "Any &%Device whose purpose is to measure a 
&%PhysicalQuantity.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE MeasuringDevice)
   (hasPurpose ?DEVICE (exists (?MEASURE) 
                           (and 
                               (instance ?MEASURE Measuring) 
                               (instrument ?MEASURE ?DEVICE)))))

(subclass Clock MeasuringDevice)
(documentation Clock "Any &%Device that measures and represents &%TimeDuration 
or &%TimePosition.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEASURE Measuring)
      (result ?MEASURE ?QUANTITY)
      (instrument ?MEASURE ?CLOCK)
      (instance ?CLOCK Clock))
   (instance ?QUANTITY TimeMeasure))

(subclass Thermometer MeasuringDevice)
(documentation Thermometer "Any &%Device that measures and represents 
&%TemperatureMeasure.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MEASURE Measuring)
      (result ?MEASURE ?QUANTITY)
      (instrument ?MEASURE ?THERMOMETER)
      (instance ?THERMOMETER Thermometer))
   (instance ?QUANTITY TemperatureMeasure))

(subclass Telephone ElectricDevice)
(subclass Telephone CommunicationDevice)
(documentation Telephone "A &%Device that permits &%LinguisticCommunication 
between remote points by converting sound into electrical signals that are 
then transmitted.  When the signals are received, they are converted back 
into sound.")

(subrelation telephoneNumber uniqueIdentifier)
(domain telephoneNumber 1 SymbolicString)
(domain telephoneNumber 2 Agent)
(relatedInternalConcept telephoneNumber address)
(documentation telephoneNumber "(&%telephoneNumber ?NUMBER ?AGENT) means 
that ?NUMBER is a telephone number at which ?AGENT can be regularly contacted.")

(subclass LightFixture Device)
(documentation LightFixture "Any &%Device whose purpose is to be a source of 
visible light.")

(=>
   (instance ?FIXTURE LightFixture)
   (capability RadiatingLight instrument ?FIXTURE))

(subclass RepresentationalArtWork ArtWork)
(subclass RepresentationalArtWork Icon)
(documentation RepresentationalArtWork "Any &%ArtWork that represents 
something &%Physical.")

(subclass PaintedPicture ArtWork)
(documentation PaintedPicture "Any &%ArtWork which is produced by &%Painting.")

(subclass Sketch ArtWork)
(documentation Sketch "Any &%ArtWork which is produced by a pencil or 
piece of charcoal.")

(subclass Collage ArtWork)
(subclass Collage (ComplementFn RepresentationalArtWork))
(documentation Collage "Any abstract &%ArtWork that is produced by arranging 
bits of paper or photographs.")

(subclass Painting Covering)
(subclass Painting Coloring)
(documentation Painting "The application of &%Paint to a &%surface.  Note that 
this class covers both &%ArtPainting (the creation of &%PaintedPictures), as 
well as painting one's kitchen, for example.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PAINT Painting)
      (patient ?PAINT ?SURFACE)
      (instrument ?PAINT ?STUFF))
   (exists (?OBJ)
      (and
         (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJ)
         (instance ?STUFF Paint))))

(subclass Paint Solution)
(documentation Paint "Any &%Solution which is capable of &%Coloring something.")

(=>
   (instance ?PAINT Paint)
   (capability Coloring instrument ?PAINT))

(subclass Translating ContentDevelopment)
(subclass Translating DualObjectProcess)
(documentation Translating "Converting content from one &%Language into another.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TRANSLATE Translating)
      (resource ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION1)
      (result ?TRANSLATE ?EXPRESSION2))
   (exists (?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2 ?ENTITY)
      (and
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION1 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE1)
         (representsInLanguage ?EXPRESSION2 ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE2)
         (not (equal ?LANGUAGE1 ?LANGUAGE2))))) 

(subclass ArtPainting ContentDevelopment)
(subclass ArtPainting Painting)
(documentation ArtPainting "Any &%ContentDevelopment that results in a 
&%PaintedPicture.")

(=>
   (instance ?PAINT ArtPainting)
   (exists (?PICTURE)
      (and
         (instance ?PICTURE PaintedPicture)
         (result ?PAINT ?PICTURE))))

(subclass Drawing ContentDevelopment)
(subclass Drawing SurfaceChange)
(documentation Drawing "Any &%ContentDevelopment that results in a &%Sketch.")

(=>
   (instance ?DRAW Drawing)
   (exists (?SKETCH)
      (and
         (instance ?SKETCH Sketch)
         (result ?DRAW ?SKETCH))))

(subclass DisplayBoard Artifact)
(documentation DisplayBoard "A large board for posting information so 
that it can be disseminated to the public.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOARD DisplayBoard)
   (hasPurpose ?BOARD (exists (?PUT ?DISSEMINATE ?INFO)
                         (and
                            (instance ?PUT Putting)
                            (instance ?DISSEMINATE Disseminating)
                            (instance ?INFO ContentBearingObject)
                            (patient ?PUT ?INFO)
                            (patient ?DISSEMINATE ?INFO)
                            (destination ?PUT ?BOARD)))))

(subclass Wheel Artifact)
(documentation Wheel "A circular &%Artifact which is a component of 
&%LandVehicles and of some &%Devices.")

(=>
   (instance ?VEHICLE LandVehicle)
   (exists (?WHEEL)
      (and
         (instance ?WHEEL Wheel)
         (part ?WHEEL ?VEHICLE))))

(subclass Paper Artifact)
(documentation Paper "An &%Artifact made of cellulose pulp that is intended 
to contain a &%Text.")

(=>
   (instance ?PAPER Paper)
   (hasPurpose ?PAPER (exists (?TEXT) 
                         (and
                            (instance ?TEXT Text)
                            (part ?TEXT ?PAPER)))))

(subclass Wire Artifact)
(documentation Wire "A long, thin strand of &%Metal that is used in a wide 
range of applications, including the wiring of electrical systems, creating 
bundles and the construction of cages.")

(=>
   (instance ?WIRE Wire)
   (material Metal ?WIRE))

(subclass Plug Artifact)
(documentation Plug "An &%Artifact which is designed to fit snugly within 
a &%Hole.")

(=>
   (instance ?PLUG Plug)
   (exists (?HOLE)
      (completelyFills ?PLUG ?HOLE)))

(subclass CigarOrCigarette Artifact)
(documentation CigarOrCigarette "A tube of thin paper containing finely ground tobacco 
that is smoked.")

(subclass Pottery Artifact)
(documentation Pottery "Household &%Artifacts that are made out of baked &%Clay.")

(=>
   (instance ?POTTERY Pottery)
   (exists (?CLAY)
      (and
         (instance ?CLAY Clay)
         (part ?CLAY ?POTTERY))))

(subclass Furniture Artifact)
(disjoint Furniture Device)
(documentation Furniture "Any free-standing &%Artifacts which are not 
&%Devices and which are used in day-to-day living.")

(subclass Seat Furniture)
(documentation Seat "Any instance of &%Furniture which is designed to 
accommodate &%Humans who are &%Sitting.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEAT Seat)
   (hasPurpose ?SEAT (exists (?PERSON)
                        (and
                           (instance ?PERSON Human)
                           (located ?PERSON ?SEAT)
                           (attribute ?PERSON Sitting)))))

(subclass Chair Seat)
(documentation Chair "A &%Seat that is designed to accommodate a single 
&%Human.")

(=>
   (instance ?CHAIR Chair)
   (not (exists (?PERSON1 ?PERSON2)
      (and
         (instance ?PERSON1 Human)
         (instance ?PERSON2 Human)
         (attribute ?PERSON1 Sitting)
         (attribute ?PERSON2 Sitting)
         (located ?PERSON1 ?CHAIR)
         (located ?PERSON2 ?CHAIR)
         (not (equal ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2)))))) 

(subclass Bed Furniture)
(documentation Bed "A piece of &%Furniture which is primarily for sleeping.")

(=>
   (instance ?BED Bed)
   (hasPurpose ?BED (exists (?PERSON)
                       (and
                          (attribute ?PERSON Asleep)
                          (located ?PERSON ?BED)))))

(subclass Table Furniture)
(documentation Table "A piece of &%Furniture with four legs and a flat top.  
It is used either for eating, paperwork or meetings.")

(subclass Desk Table)
(documentation Desk "A &%Table for a single person which is intended to be 
used for paperwork.")

(subclass AttachingDevice Device)
(documentation AttachingDevice "A &%Device whose purpose is to attach one thing 
to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE AttachingDevice)
   (exists (?ATTACH)
      (and
         (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
         (instrument ?ATTACH ?DEVICE))))

(subclass Screw AttachingDevice)
(documentation Screw "An &%AttachingDevice which contains a spiral of grooves to 
hold it in place and which is fastened with a screwdriver.")

(subclass Tape AttachingDevice)
(documentation Tape "A thin strip of &%Fabric or &%Paper that is used to attach 
two things.")

(=>
   (instance ?TAPE Tape)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (part ?PART ?TAPE)
         (or
            (instance ?PART Paper)
            (instance ?PART Fabric)))))

(subclass Holder Device)
(documentation Holder "A large class of &%Devices whose purpose is to hold 
something else, i.e. be the &%instrument of a &%Keeping.")

(=>
   (instance ?DEVICE Holder)
   (capability Keeping instrument ?DEVICE))

(subclass Saddle Holder)
(documentation Saddle "A &%Device which allows a &%Human to ride on a 
&%Horse.")

(=>
   (instance ?SADDLE Saddle)
   (capability (KappaFn ?RIDE (and 
                                 (instance ?RIDE Carrying)
                                 (patient ?RIDE ?HUMAN)
                                 (instance ?HUMAN Human)
                                 (agent ?RIDE ?HORSE)
                                 (instance ?HORSE Horse))) instrument ?SADDLE))

(subclass Tray Holder)
(documentation Tray "A &%Holder that is designed for &%Food, dishes, and 
flatware.")

(subclass Container Holder)
(documentation Container "Any &%Holder whose purpose is to contain 
something else.  Note that &%Container is more specific in meaning 
than &%Holder, because a &%Container must have a &%Hole that is at 
least partially filled by the thing contained.")

(=>
   (instance ?CONTAINER Container)
   (hasPurpose ?CONTAINER (exists (?OBJ) (contains ?CONTAINER ?OBJ))))

(subclass Box Container)
(documentation Box "Any six-sided &%Container whose sides are 
rectangular in shape.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOX Box)
   (equal (CardinalityFn (KappaFn ?SIDE (or
                                           (top ?SIDE ?BOX)
                                           (bottom ?SIDE ?BOX)
                                           (side ?SIDE ?BOX)))) 6))   

(subclass TravelContainer Container)
(documentation TravelContainer "Any &%Container which is intended to be 
used for carrying clothing, toiletries, and other personal effects that 
would be needed on a overnight trip.")   

(subclass FluidContainer Container)
(documentation FluidContainer "A &%Container which is used to store &%Fluids,  
i.e. &%Liquids and &%Gases.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TANK TankContainer)
      (contains ?TANK ?STUFF))
   (attribute ?STUFF Fluid))

(subclass Bottle FluidContainer)
(documentation "A &%Container whose top is narrower than its bottom, which 
has no handle, and which is intended to store &%Liquids.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOTTLE Bottle)
      (contains ?BOTTLE ?STUFF))
   (attribute ?STUFF Liquid))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BOTTLE Bottle)
      (bottom ?BOTTOM ?BOTTLE)
      (top ?TOP ?BOTTLE)
      (width ?BOTTOM ?WIDTH1)
      (width ?TOP ?WIDTH2))
   (lessThan ?WIDTH2 ?WIDTH1))

(subclass Cup FluidContainer)
(documentation Cup "An open &%FluidContainer that is intended to serve a &%Beverage 
to a single person.  Note that this class includes both cups with handles and 
drinking glasses.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CUP Cup)
      (contains ?CUP ?STUFF))
   (instance ?STUFF Beverage))
      
(subclass BoardOrBlock Artifact)
(documentation BoardOrBlock "A piece of material with flat, rectangular sides.  
Note that boards and blocks are lumped into a single concept, because the 
difference between these notions cannot be precisely defined.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOARD BoardOrBlock)
   (capability Constructing resource ?BOARD))

(subclass Nest CorpuscularObject)
(documentation Nest "Any structure which is created by nonhuman &%Animals for 
the purpose of giving birth to their offspring.")

(=>
   (instance ?NEST Nest)
   (hasPurpose ?NEST (exists (?BIRTH)
                        (and
                           (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
                           (located ?BIRTH ?NEST)))))

(subclass OutdoorClothing Clothing)
(documentation OutdoorClothing "&%Clothing that is intended to be worn 
outdoors.")  

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CLOTHING OutdoorClothing)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (wears ?PERSON ?CLOTHING)))
   (not (exists (?BUILDING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING Building)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (located ?PERSON ?BUILDING))))))
   
(subclass Hat OutdoorClothing)
(documentation Hat "A type of &%Clothing that is worn on the &%Head.  Note 
that this class covers caps, bonnets, berets, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (wears ?PERSON ?HAT)
      (instance ?HAT Hat))
   (exists (?HEAD)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAD Head)
         (part ?HEAD ?PERSON)
         (meetsSpatially ?HAT ?HEAD))))

(subclass Coat OutdoorClothing)
(documentation Coat "&%Clothing that has sleeves and covers from the neck 
down.  &%Coats are intended to be worn outdoors.")

(subclass Shoe Clothing)
(documentation Shoe "&%Clothing that is intended to be worn on the &%Foot.  
It consists of an upper, a sole, and a heel.")

(=>
   (and
      (wears ?PERSON ?SHOE)
      (instance ?SHOE Shoe))
   (exists (?FOOT)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOT Foot)
         (part ?FOOT ?PERSON)
         (meetsSpatially ?SHOE ?FOOT))))

(subclass Shirt Clothing)
(documentation Shirt "An item of &%Clothing which covers the upper body of a 
&%Human.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SHIRT Shirt)
      (wears ?PERSON ?SHIRT))
   (instance ?PERSON Human))

(subclass Dress Clothing)
(documentation Dress "An item of &%Clothing which covers the lower body of a 
&%Woman.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRESS Dress)
      (wears ?PERSON ?DRESS))
   (instance ?PERSON Woman))

(subclass ClothingSuit Collection)
(documentation ClothingSuit "A &%Collection of instances of &%Clothing that 
are designed to be worn together.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUIT ClothingSuit)
      (member ?ITEM1 ?SUIT)
      (holdsDuring ?TIME (wears ?PERSON ?ITEM1)))
   (forall (?ITEM2)
      (=>
         (member ?ITEM2 ?SUIT)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (wears ?PERSON ?ITEM2)))))

(subclass Leather Fabric)
(documentation Leather "A &%Fabric that is the result of tanning an &%Animal 
&%Skin.")

(=>
   (instance ?LEATHER Leather)
   (exists (?MAKE)
      (and
         (instance ?MAKE Making)
         (resource ?MAKE ?SKIN)
         (instance ?SKIN Skin)
         (result ?MAKE ?LEATHER))))
      
(subclass Pocket Fabric)
(documentation Pocket "A pouch of &%Fabric in an instance of &%Clothing where 
something can be kept.")

(=>
   (instance ?POCKET Pocket)
   (exists (?CLOTHING)
      (and
         (instance ?CLOTHING Clothing)
         (part ?POCKET ?CLOTHING))))

(=>
   (instance ?POCKET Pocket)
   (capability Keeping instrument ?POCKET))

(subclass Blanket Fabric)
(documentation Blanket "A piece of &%Fabric whose purpose is to keep a sleeping 
person warm.")

(=>
   (instance ?BLANKET Blanket)
   (hasPurpose ?BLANKET (exists (?HEAT ?PERSON)
                           (and
                              (instance ?HEAT Heating)
                              (patient ?HEAT ?PERSON)
                              (instance ?PERSON Human)
                              (located ?PERSON ?BED)
                              (instance ?BED Bed)))))

(instance wears BinaryPredicate)
(domain wears 1 Animal)
(domain wears 2 Clothing)
(documentation wears "(&%wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing 
the item of &%Clothing ?CLOTHING.")

(=>
   (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING)
   (located ?CLOTHING ?AGENT))

(subclass Dressing Putting)
(documentation Dressing "The &%Process of putting on &%Clothing.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?DRESS Dressing)
      (agent ?DRESS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?DRESS ?CLOTHING))
   (and
      (instance ?CLOTHING Clothing)
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?DRESS)) (not (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?DRESS)) (wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING))))

(subclass Tying Attaching) 
(documentation Tying "The &%Process of tying two things, or two strands of 
the same thing, together.") 

(subclass Untying Detaching) 
(disjoint Untying Tying)
(documentation Untying "The &%Process of untying two things, or two strands 
of the same thing.") 

(instance patientMedical BinaryPredicate)
(domain patientMedical 1 Human)
(domain patientMedical 2 CognitiveAgent)
(documentation patientMedical "The relation of receiving medical care 
from a recognized medical practitioner.  (&%patientMedical ?PATIENT 
?DOCTOR) means that ?PATIENT is the patient of ?DOCTOR.  Note that 
argument type restriction on the second argument is &%CognitiveAgent 
to allow for cases where someone is the patient of an &%Organization, 
viz. a &%CareOrganization.")

(=>
   (patientMedical ?PATIENT ?DOCTOR)
   (exists (?PROCESS)
      (and
         (patient ?PROCESS ?PATIENT)
         (agent ?PROCESS ?DOCTOR)
         (or
            (instance ?PROCESS DiagnosticProcess)
            (instance ?PROCESS TherapeuticProcess)))))

(subclass NonspecificDisease DiseaseOrSyndrome)
(documentation NonspecificDisease "The class of &%DiseaseOrSyndromes that are not 
caused by a single type of &%Microorganism.")

(=>
   (instance ?DISEASE NonspecificDisease)
   (not (exists (?AGENT)
      (and
         (instance ?AGENT Microorganism)
         (forall (?VICTIM)
            (=>
               (attribute ?VICTIM ?DISEASE)
               (located ?AGENT ?VICTIM)))))))

(instance Cancer DiseaseOrSyndrome)
(documentation Cancer "A &%DiseaseOrSyndrome characterized by pathologic and 
uncontrolled cell division that results in a &%Tumor.")

(=>
   (attribute ?PERSON Cancer)
   (exists (?TUMOR)
      (and
         (instance ?TUMOR Tumor)
         (part ?TUMOR ?PERSON))))

(instance conjugate BinaryPredicate)
(instance conjugate IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance conjugate SymmetricRelation)
(instance conjugate TransitiveRelation)
(domain conjugate 1 CompoundSubstance)
(domain conjugate 2 CompoundSubstance)
(documentation conjugate "(&%conjugate ?COMPOUND1 ?COMPOUND2) means that 
?COMPOUND1 and ?COMPOUND2 are identical &%CompoundSubstances except that 
one has one more &%Proton than the other.")

(=>
   (conjugate ?COMPOUND1 ?COMPOUND2)
   (exists (?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (and
         (protonNumber ?COMPOUND1 ?NUMBER1) 
         (protonNumber ?COMPOUND2 ?NUMBER2)
         (or
            (equal ?NUMBER1 (AdditionFn ?NUMBER2 1))
            (equal ?NUMBER2 (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 1))))))

(subrelation grasps meetsSpatially)
(domain grasps 1 Animal)
(domain grasps 2 Object)
(documentation grasps "The state of grasping an &%Object.  (&%grasps 
?ANIMAL ?OBJ) means that the &%Animal ?ANIMAL is intentionally holding 
on to the &%Object ?OBJ.")

(subclass Grabbing Touching)
(documentation Grabbing "Any instance of &%Touching which results in 
a situation where the &%agent &%grasps the &%patient of the &%Touching.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GRAB Grabbing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?GRAB)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))))

(subclass Biting Grabbing)
(documentation Biting "Any instance of &%Grabbing where the &%instrument is 
the &%Mouth of the &%agent.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?BITE Biting)
      (agent ?BITE ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (part ?MOUTH ?ANIMAL)
         (instrument ?BITE ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Spitting Impelling)
(documentation Spitting "Any instance of &%Impelling where the &%origin is 
the &%Mouth of the &%agent.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SPIT Spitting)
      (agent ?SPIT ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (part ?MOUTH ?ANIMAL)
         (origin ?SPIT ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Kicking Impelling)
(documentation Kicking "Any instance of &%Impelling where the &%instrument 
is a &%Foot of the &%agent.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?KICK Kicking)
      (agent ?KICK ?ANIMAL))
   (exists (?FOOT)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOT Foot)
         (part ?FOOT ?ANIMAL)
         (instrument ?KICK ?FOOT))))

(subclass Releasing Transfer)
(documentation Grabbing "Any instance of &%Transfer which results in 
a situation where it is not the case that the &%agent &%grasps something 
which he/she &%grasps previously.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?RELEASE Releasing)
      (agent ?GRAB ?AGENT)
      (patient ?GRAB ?THING))
   (and
      (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (grasps ?AGENT ?THING))
      (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?RELEASE)) (not (grasps ?AGENT ?THING)))))

(subclass Mailing Transfer)
(documentation Mailing "Any instance of &%Transfer where a postal system is 
used to move the &%patient, either a letter or a package.")

(subrelation home inhabits)
(domain home 1 Human)
(domain home 2 StationaryArtifact)
(documentation home "The relation between a &%Human and a home of the 
&%Human.")

(instance neighbor BinaryPredicate)
(instance neighbor SymmetricRelation)
(instance neighbor IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain neighbor 1 Human)
(domain neighbor 2 Human)
(documentation neighbor "(&%neighbor ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2) means that ?PERSON1 is 
a neighbor of ?PERSON2, i.e. ?PERSON1 and ?PERSON2 have their &%homes &%Near 
one another.")

(=>
   (neighbor ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2)
   (exists (?HOME1 ?HOME2)
      (and
         (home ?PERSON1 ?HOME1)
         (home ?PERSON2 ?HOME2)
         (not (equal ?HOME1 ?HOME2))
         (orientation ?HOME1 ?HOME2 Near))))

(instance capacity BinaryPredicate)
(domain capacity 1 SelfConnectedObject)
(domain capacity 2 ConstantQuantity)
(relatedInternalConcept capacity humanCapacity)
(documentation capacity "(&%capacity ?OBJ ?QUANTITY) means that ?OBJ can contain 
something that has the &%measure of ?QUANTITY.  This predicate denotes maximal 
capacity, i.e. ?OBJ can hold no more than ?QUANTITY.  Note, however, that this 
does not mean that &%capacity is a &%SingleValuedRelation, since an object may 
have various maximal capacities across different dimensions, e.g. a particular 
box may have a &%capacity of 3 pounds and a &%capacity of 1 liter.")

(=>
   (and
      (measure ?OBJ1 ?MEAS)
      (contains ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1))
   (capacity ?OBJ2 ?MEAS)) 

(instance humanCapacity BinaryPredicate)
(instance humanCapacity SingleValuedRelation)
(domain humanCapacity 1 StationaryArtifact)
(domain humanCapacity 2 PositiveInteger)
(documentation humanCapacity "(&%humanCapacity ?CONSTRUCT ?NUMBER) means that the 
&%StationaryArtifact ?CONSTRUCT, e.g. a &%Building or a &%Room, can hold a maximum 
of ?NUMBER &%Humans without crowding.")

(instance LastFn UnaryFunction)
(domain LastFn 1 List)
(domain LastFn 2 Entity)
(documentation LastFn "(&%LastFn ?LIST) returns the last item in the 
&%List ?LIST.  For example, (&%LastFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday 
&%Wednesday)) would return the value of &%Wednesday.")

(<=>
   (and
      (instance ?LIST List)
      (equal (LastFn ?LIST) ?ITEM))
   (exists (?NUMBER)
      (and
         (equal (ListLengthFn ?LIST) ?NUMBER)
         (equal (ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) ?ITEM))))

(instance FirstFn UnaryFunction)
(domain FirstFn 1 List)
(domain FirstFn 2 Entity)
(documentation FirstFn "(&%FirstFn ?LIST) returns the first item in 
the &%List ?LIST.  For example, (&%FirstFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday 
&%Wednesday)) would return the value of &%Monday.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIST List)
   (equal (FirstFn ?LIST) (ListOrderFn ?LIST 1)))

(instance address BinaryPredicate)
(domain address 1 Agent)
(domain address 2 Address)
(documentation address "(&%address ?AGENT ?ADDRESS) means that ?ADDRESS 
is an address or part of an address for the &%Agent ?AGENT.")

(subclass Address RelationalAttribute)
(documentation Address "A &%RelationalAttribute that indicates an address 
where an &%Agent can regularly be contacted.")

(subrelation postalCode uniqueIdentifier)
(domain postalCode 1 PositiveInteger)
(domain postalCode 2 Address)
(documentation postalCode "(&%postalCode ?NUMBER ?ADDRESS) means that the 
the postal code, e.g. zip code, ?NUMBER is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(subrelation postalBoxNumber uniqueIdentifier)
(domain postalBoxNumber 1 PositiveInteger)
(domain postalBoxNumber 2 Address)
(documentation postalBoxNumber "(&%postalBoxNumber ?NUMBER ?ADDRESS) means 
that the post office box ?NUMBER is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(subrelation cityAddress address)
(domain cityAddress 1 City)
(domain cityAddress 2 Address)
(documentation cityAddress "(&%cityAddress ?CITY ?ADDRESS) means that the 
&%City ?CITY is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(subrelation streetAddress address)
(domain streetAddress 1 Roadway)
(domain streetAddress 2 Address)
(documentation streetAddress "(&%streetAddress ?STREET ?ADDRESS) means 
that the &%Roadway ?STREET is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(subrelation streetNumber address)
(domain streetNumber 1 Building)
(domain streetNumber 2 Address)
(documentation streetNumber "(&%streetNumber ?BUILDING ?ADDRESS) means 
that the &%Building ?BUILDING is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(subrelation unitNumber address)
(domain unitNumber 1 StationaryArtifact)
(domain unitNumber 2 Address)
(documentation unitNumber "(&%unitNumber ?UNIT ?ADDRESS) means that the 
&%StationaryArtifact ?UNIT is part of the address ?ADDRESS.")

(instance StreetAddressFn QuaternaryFunction)
(domain StreetAddressFn 1 StationaryArtifact)
(domain StreetAddressFn 2 Roadway)
(domain StreetAddressFn 3 City)
(domain StreetAddressFn 4 Nation)
(range StreetAddressFn Agent)
(documentation StreetAddressFn "(&%StreetAddressFn ?BUILDING ?ROAD ?CITY 
?COUNTRY) returns the &%Agent, e.g. a family, an organization, a person, 
etc. that resides or conducts business at the corresponding &%address.")

(=>
   (equal (StreetAddressFn ?PLACE ?ROAD ?CITY ?COUNTRY) ?AGENT)
   (address ?AGENT ?PLACE))

(=>
   (equal (StreetAddressFn ?PLACE ?ROAD ?CITY ?COUNTRY) ?AGENT)
   (exists (?BUILDING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING Building)
         (part ?PLACE ?BUILDING))))
 
(subclass ArtStudio StationaryArtifact)
(documentation ArtStudio "A &%Room, suite of &%Rooms or &%Building which is 
devoted to the creation of &%ArtWorks.")

(=>
   (instance ?STUDIO ArtStudio)
   (hasPurpose ?STUDIO (exists (?MAKE)
                          (and
                             (instance ?MAKE Making)
                             (result ?MAKE ?WORK)
                             (instance ?WORK ArtWork)))))

(subclass Mine StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Mine "An construction in the earth from which &%Minerals are removed, 
either in pure form or as part of ores.")

(=>
   (instance ?MINE Mine)
   (hasPurpose ?MINE (exists (?REMOVE ?MINERAL)
                        (and
                           (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
                           (patient ?REMOVE ?MINERAL)
                           (instance ?MINERAL Mineral)
                           (origin ?REMOVE ?MINE)))))

(subclass MobileResidence Artifact)
(disjoint MobileResidence Residence)
(documentation MobileResidence "Anything which serves to house people but 
which changes its location from time to time, e.g. a motorhome, a mobile 
home, a camp, etc.  Note that &%MobileResidence is disjoint from &%Residence, 
because the latter is a subclass of &%StationaryArtifact.")

(subclass Camp MobileResidence)
(documentation Camp "A &%MobileResidence consisting of tents and other temporary 
living quarters that is constructed on an undeveloped &%LandArea.")

(=>
   (instance ?CAMP Camp)
   (exists (?TENT)
      (and
         (instance ?TENT Tent)
         (part ?TENT ?CAMP))))

(subclass Tent MobileResidence)
(documentation Tent "A &%MobileResidence that is made of &%Fabric and poles and 
can be easily assembled and disassembled.")

(=>
   (instance ?TENT Tent)
   (exists (?FABRIC)
      (and
         (instance ?FABRIC Fabric)
         (part ?FABRIC ?TENT))))

(subclass Residence StationaryArtifact)
(partition Residence PermanentResidence TemporaryResidence)
(documentation Residence "A &%Building or part of a &%Building which provides 
some accomodation for sleeping.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE Residence)
   (or
      (instance ?RESIDENCE House)
      (exists (?BUILDING)
         (and
            (instance ?BUILDING ResidentialBuilding)
            (part ?RESIDENCE ?BUILDING)))))
         
(subclass PermanentResidence Residence)
(documentation PermanentResidence "A &%Residence where people live, i.e. 
where people have a &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE PermanentResidence)
   (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?HOTEL)))

(subclass ExecutiveResidence PermanentResidence)
(documentation ExecutiveResidence "A &%Residence of a &%chiefOfState, e.g. 
the White House, a state governor's mansion, Buckingham Palace, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE ExecutiveResidence)
   (exists (?AREA ?POSITION ?PERSON)
      (and
         (located ?RESIDENCE ?AREA)
         (home ?PERSON ?RESIDENCE)
         (chiefOfState ?AREA ?POSITION ?PERSON)))) 

(subclass TemporaryResidence Residence)
(documentation TemporaryResidence "A &%Residence which is strictly temporary, 
i.e. where no one makes his/her &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE TemporaryResidence)
   (not (exists (?PERSON)
      (home ?PERSON ?HOTEL))))

(subclass ResidentialBuilding Building)
(subclass ResidentialBuilding Residence)
(documentation ResidentialBuilding "A &%Building which provides some 
accomodation for sleeping.  Note that this class does not cover just 
permanent residences, e.g. &%Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, 
but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories.  
&%ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from &%CommercialBuildings, 
which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential 
function.")

(subclass Hotel ResidentialBuilding)
(subclass Hotel TemporaryResidence)
(subclass Hotel Corporation)
(documentation Hotel "A &%ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary 
accommodations to guests in exchange for money.")

(subclass SingleFamilyResidence PermanentResidence)
(documentation SingleFamilyResidence "A &%PermanentResidence which is 
intended to be the &%home of a single &%SocialUnit.  This class covers 
&%Houses, &%ApartmentUnits, and &%CondominiumUnits.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE SingleFamilyResidence)
   (hasPurpose ?RESIDENCE (forall (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
                         (=>
                            (and
                               (home ?AGENT1 ?RESIDENCE)
                               (home ?AGENT2 ?RESIDENCE))
                            (exists (?UNIT)
                               (and
                                  (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
                                  (member ?AGENT1 ?UNIT)
                                  (member ?AGENT2 ?UNIT)))))))

(subclass ApartmentUnit SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation ApartmentUnit "A &%SingleFamilyResidence that is not owned 
by any member of the &%SocialUnit that lives there.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?UNIT ApartmentUnit)
      (home ?PERSON ?UNIT))
   (not (possesses ?PERSON ?UNIT)))

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT ApartmentUnit)
   (exists (?BUILDING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING ApartmentBuilding)
         (part ?UNIT ?BUILDING))))

(subclass CondominiumUnit SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation CondominiumUnit "A &%SingleFamilyResidence that may be owned 
by a member of the &%SocialUnit that lives there.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?UNIT SingleFamilyResidence)
      (home ?PERSON ?UNIT)
      (possesses ?PERSON ?UNIT)
      (not (instance ?UNIT Building)))
   (instance ?UNIT CondominiumUnit))

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT CondominiumUnit)
   (exists (?BUILDING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING CondominiumBuilding)
         (part ?UNIT ?BUILDING))))

(subclass House ResidentialBuilding)
(subclass House SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation House "A &%ResidentialBuilding which is intended to be 
inhabited by members of the same &%SocialUnit.  &%Houses are distinguished 
from temporary housing like hotels and multi-family dwellings like condominium 
and apartment buildings.")

(subclass ApartmentBuilding ResidentialBuilding)
(disjoint ApartmentBuilding SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation ApartmentBuilding "A &%ResidentialBuilding containing 
&%ApartmentUnits.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING ApartmentBuilding)
   (exists (?UNIT1 ?UNIT2)
      (and
         (instance ?UNIT1 ApartmentUnit)
         (instance ?UNIT2 ApartmentUnit)
         (part ?UNIT1 ?BUILDING)
         (part ?UNIT2 ?BUILDING)
         (not (equal ?UNIT1 ?UNIT2)))))

(subclass CondominiumBuilding ResidentialBuilding)
(disjoint CondominiumBuilding SingleFamilyResidence)
(documentation CondominiumBuilding "A &%ResidentialBuilding containing 
&%CondominiumUnits.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING CondominiumBuilding)
   (exists (?UNIT1 ?UNIT2)
      (and
         (instance ?UNIT1 CondominiumUnit)
         (instance ?UNIT2 CondominiumUnit)
         (part ?UNIT1 ?BUILDING)
         (part ?UNIT2 ?BUILDING)
         (not (equal ?UNIT1 ?UNIT2)))))

(subclass AnimalResidence Artifact)
(documentation AnimalResidence "An &%Artifact which is intended to house 
&%Animals and not &%Humans.  Note that an &%AnimalResidence may or may not 
be a &%StationaryArtifact, e.g. a horse stall is stationary while a doghouse 
generally is not.")

(=>
   (instance ?RESIDENCE AnimalResidence)
   (hasPurpose ?RESIDENCE (exists (?ANIMAL)
                             (and
                                (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
                                (not (instance ?ANIMAL Human))
                                (inhabits ?ANIMAL ?RESIDENCE)))))

(subclass PlaceOfCommerce StationaryArtifact)
(partition PlaceOfCommerce CommercialBuilding CommercialUnit)
(documentation PlaceOfCommerce "A &%Building or part of a &%Building which is 
intended for organizational activities, e.g. retail or wholesale selling, 
manufacturing, office work, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?OFFICE PlaceOfCommerce)
   (or
      (instance ?OFFICE CommercialBuilding)
      (exists (?BUILDING)
         (and
            (instance ?BUILDING CommercialBuilding)
            (part ?OFFICE ?BUILDING)))))

(subclass CommercialBuilding Building)
(subclass CommercialBuilding PlaceOfCommerce)
(documentation CommercialBuilding "A &%Building which is intended for 
organizational activities, e.g. retail or wholesale selling, manufacturing, 
office work, etc.")

(subclass CommercialUnit PlaceOfCommerce)
(documentation CommercialUnit "A &%Room or suite of &%Rooms intended for 
clerical and/or professional work of a single &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?UNIT CommercialUnit)
      (instance ?ORG Organization)
      (located ?ORG ?UNIT))
   (not (exists (?OTHER)
      (and
         (instance ?OTHER Organization)
         (located ?OTHER ?UNIT)
         (not (equal ?OTHER ?ORG))))))

(subclass Auditorium Building)
(documentation Auditorium "Any &%Building whose purpose is to hold concerts, 
sports events, plays, etc. before an audience.  This class includes theaters, 
sports stadiums, university auditoriums, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?AUDITORIUM Auditorium)
   (hasPurpose ?AUDITORIUM (exists (?DEMO)
                              (and
                                 (instance ?DEMO Demonstrating)
                                 (located ?DEMO ?AUDITORIUM)))))

(=>
   (instance ?AUDITORIUM Auditorium)
   (exists (?STAGE)
      (and
         (instance ?STAGE PerformanceStage)
         (part ?STAGE ?AUDITORIUM))))

(subclass AuditoriumSeat Seat)
(documentation Auditorium "A &%Seat within an &%Auditorium from which one 
can observe the &%PerformanceStage.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEAT AuditoriumSeat)
   (exists (?AUDITORIUM)
      (and
         (instance ?AUDITORIUM Auditorium)
         (part ?SEAT ?AUDITORIUM))))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SEAT AuditoriumSeat)
      (part ?SEAT ?AUDITORIUM)
      (part ?STAGE ?AUDITORIUM)
      (instance ?AUDITORIUM Auditorium)
      (instance ?STAGE PerformanceStage)
      (located ?PERSON ?SEAT)
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (subclass ?SEE Seeing)
      (forall (?INST)
         (=>
            (instance ?INST ?SEE)
            (patient ?INST ?STAGE))))
   (capability ?SEE agent ?PERSON))

(subrelation enjoys inScopeOfInterest)
(domain enjoys 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domainSubclass enjoys 2 IntentionalProcess)
(documentation enjoys "(&%enjoys ?AGENT ?PROCESS) means that the 
&%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT tends to enjoy actions of type ?PROCESS, 
i.e. tends to enjoy being the &%agent or &%experiencer of such 
actions.")

(=>
   (enjoys ?AGENT ?PROCESS)
   (desires ?AGENT (exists (?INSTANCE)
                      (and
                         (instance ?INSTANCE ?PROCESS)
                         (or
                            (agent ?INSTANCE ?AGENT)
                            (experiencer ?INSTANCE ?AGENT))))))

(subrelation expects believes)
(documentation expects "Any belief about the future.  (&%expects 
?AGENT ?BELIEF) means that (&%believes ?AGENT ?BELIEF) and, if 
?BELIEF happens, it will happen in the future, i.e. after the 
expectation.")

(=>
   (and
      (holdsDuring ?TIME1 (expects ?AGENT ?FORMULA))
      (holdsDuring ?TIME2 (true ?FORMULA True)))
   (earlier ?TIME1 ?TIME2))

(subrelation fears expects)
(documentation fears "(&%fears ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT fears that 
the proposition ?FORMULA will be true, i.e. he/she believes that it will 
come to pass in the future and that it will be undesirable for ?AGENT.")

(=>
   (fears ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (not (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))

(subrelation hopes expects)
(documentation hopes "(&%hopes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT hopes that 
the proposition ?FORMULA will be true, i.e. he/she believes that it will 
come to pass in the future and that it will be desirable for ?AGENT.")

(=>
   (hopes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

(instance doubts PropositionalAttitude)
(domain doubts 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain doubts 2 Formula)
(documentation doubts "(&%doubts ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT is unsure 
about the truth of ?FORMULA, in particular ?AGENT does not believe that 
?FORMULA is true.")

(=>
   (doubts ?AGENT ?FORMULA)
   (not (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))

(instance dislikes ObjectAttitude)
(subrelation dislikes inScopeOfInterest)
(disjointRelation dislikes wants)
(relatedInternalConcept dislikes disapproves)
(domain dislikes 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain dislikes 2 Object)
(documentation dislikes "(&%dislikes ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT has a 
feeling of antipathy to ?OBJECT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will 
thwart one of his/her goals.  Note that there is no implication that what 
is hated by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.")

(=>
   (dislikes ?AGENT ?OBJECT)
   (desires ?AGENT (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJECT))))

(instance disapproves PropositionalAttitude)
(subrelation disapproves inScopeOfInterest)
(disjointRelation disapproves desires)
(domain disapproves 1 CognitiveAgent)
(domain disapproves 2 Formula)
(documentation disapproves "(&%disapproves ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that 
?AGENT has a feeling of antipathy to the state of affairs represented by 
?FORMULA, i.e. ?AGENT believes that the realization of ?FORMULA will 
thwart one of his/her goals.  Note that there is no implication that what 
is disapproved of by an agent is not already true.")

(=>
   (dislikes ?AGENT ?OBJECT)
   (desires ?AGENT (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJECT))))

(subrelation lacks needs)
(documentation lacks "(&%lacks ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT &%needs 
?OBJECT and it is not currently the case that ?AGENT &%possesses ?OBJECT.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (lacks ?AGENT ?OBJECT))
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (not (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJECT))))

(instance Antisemitism BeliefGroup)
(documentation Antisemitism "The &%BeliefGroup that is characterized by a 
dislike for &%Judaism.")

(=>
   (member ?MEMBER Antisemitism)
   (dislikes ?MEMBER Judaism))

(subclass SocialUnit Group)
(documentation SocialUnit "A group of people who all have the same &%home.")

(=>
   (instance ?UNIT SocialUnit)
   (exists (?HOME)
      (=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?UNIT)
         (home ?MEMBER ?HOME))))

(instance ImmediateFamilyFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ImmediateFamilyFn 1 Human)
(range ImmediateFamilyFn FamilyGroup)
(documentation ImmediateFamilyFn "(&%ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the 
immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of the &%parents of 
?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a &%parent.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (equal (ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) ?FAMILY))
   (forall (?MEMBER)
      (<=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?FAMILY)
         (or
            (parent ?MEMBER ?PERSON)
            (parent ?PERSON ?MEMBER)))))

(subrelation daughter parent)
(domain daughter 1 Woman)
(domain daughter 2 Human)
(documentation daughter "The general relationship of daughterhood.  
(&%daughter ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological daughter
of ?PARENT.")

(subrelation son parent)
(domain son 1 Man)
(domain son 2 Human)
(documentation son "The general relationship of being a son.  
(&%son ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?CHILD is the biological 
son of ?PARENT.")

(subrelation brother sibling)
(instance brother IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance brother TransitiveRelation)
(domain brother Man)
(domain brother Human)
(documentation brother "The general relationship of being a brother.  
(&%brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON.")

(subrelation sister sibling)
(instance sister IrreflexiveRelation)
(instance sister TransitiveRelation)
(domain sister Woman)
(domain sister Human)
(documentation sister "The general relationship of being a sister.  
(&%sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) means that ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON.")

(subrelation ancestor familyRelation)
(instance ancestor TransitiveRelation)
(instance ancestor IrreflexiveRelation)
(domain ancestor 1 Organism)
(domain ancestor 2 Organism)
(documentation ancestor "The transitive closure of the &%parent predicate.  
(&%ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the 
&%parent of ?DESCENDANT or the &%parent of the &%parent of &%DESCENDANT or 
etc.")

(=>
   (parent ?PARENT ?CHILD)
   (ancestor ?PARENT ?CHILD))

(instance DescendantsFn UnaryFunction)
(domain DescendantsFn 1 Human)
(range DescendantsFn FamilyGroup)
(documentation DescendantsFn "(&%DescendantsFn ?PERSON) denotes all and only 
the descendants of ?PERSON, i.e. the &%Group consisting of ?OFFSPRING who 
satisfy the following formula:  (&%ancestor ?OFFSPRING ?PERSON).")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (equal (DescendantsFn ?PERSON) ?DESCENDANTS))
   (forall (?MEMBER)
      (<=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?DESCENDANTS)
         (ancestor ?MEMBER ?PERSON))))

(subclass GroupOfAnimals Group)
(documentation GroupOfAnimals "Any &%Group which contains exclusively 
non-human &%members.")

(=>
   (instance ?GROUP GroupOfAnimals)
   (forall (?MEMBER)
      (=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?GROUP)
         (and
            (instance ?MEMBER Animal)
            (not (instance ?MEMBER Human))))))

(subclass Brood GroupOfAnimals)
(documentation Brood "A &%GroupOfAnimals that are all born at the same time 
and to the same parents.")

(=>
   (instance ?BROOD Brood)
   (forall (?MEMBER1 ?MEMBER2)
      (=>
         (and
            (member ?MEMBER1 ?BROOD)
            (member ?MEMBER2 ?BROOD))
         (sibling ?MEMBER1 ?MEMBER2))))

(=>
   (instance ?BROOD Brood)
   (exists (?TIME)
      (forall (?MEMBER)
         (=>
            (member ?MEMBER ?BROOD)
            (exists (?BIRTH)
               (and
                  (instance ?BIRTH Birth)
                  (experiencer ?BIRTH ?MEMBER)
                  (equal ?TIME (WhenFn ?BIRTH))))))))
      

(subclass GroupOfPeople Group)
(documentation GroupOfPeople "Any &%Group whose &%members are 
exclusively &%Humans.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GROUP GroupOfPeople)
      (member ?MEMBER ?GROUP))
   (instance ?MEMBER Human))

(subclass SportsTeam GroupOfPeople)
(documentation SportsTeam "A &%GroupOfPeople who habitually play a &%Sport 
together, either as an occupation or as a leisure activity.")

(=>
   (instance ?TEAM SportsTeam)
   (exists (?SPORT)
      (and
         (subclass ?SPORT Sport)
         (capability ?SPORT agent ?TEAM))))

(subclass Argument Proposition)
(documentation Argument "Any proposition which has the form of a deductive 
or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply 
a conclusion.") 

(=>
   (instance ?REASON Reasoning)
   (exists (?ARGUMENT)
      (and
         (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
         (realization ?REASON ?ARGUMENT))))

(=>
   (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
   (exists (?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION)
      (and
         (equal (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) ?PREMISES)
         (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))))

(subclass DeductiveArgument Argument)
(partition DeductiveArgument ValidDeductiveArgument InvalidDeductiveArgument)
(documentation DeductiveArgument "An &%Argument which has the form of a 
deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of &%premises &%entails the 
&%conclusion.")

(subclass ValidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation ValidDeductiveArgument "A &%DeductiveArgument which is 
valid, i.e. the set of &%premises in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT ValidDeductiveArgument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT))
      (conclusion ?CONCLUSION ?ARGUMENT))
   (exists (?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
      (and
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA1 ?PREMISES)
         (containsInformation ?FORMULA2 ?CONCLUSION)
         (entails ?PREMISES ?CONCLUSION))))

(subclass InvalidDeductiveArgument DeductiveArgument)
(documentation InvalidDeductiveArgument "&%DeductiveArguments that are not 
&%ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of &%premises 
in fact &%entails the &%conclusion.")
     
(subclass Explanation DeductiveArgument)
(documentation Explanation "An &%Argument where the conclusion is an 
observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply 
the conclusion.  Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model 
of explanation.")

(instance premise BinaryPredicate)
(instance premise TotalValuedRelation)
(domain premise 1 Argument)
(domain premise 2 Proposition)
(documentation premise "(&%premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the 
&%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the &%Argument 
?ARGUMENT.")

(instance PremisesFn UnaryFunction)
(domain PremisesFn Argument)
(range PremisesFn Proposition)
(documentation PremisesFn "(&%PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete 
set of &%premises of the &%Argument ?ARGUMENT.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARGUMENT Argument)
      (equal ?PREMISES (PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT)))
   (<=>
      (subProposition ?PROPOSITION ?PREMISES)
      (premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION)))

(instance conclusion BinaryPredicate)
(instance conclusion SingleValuedRelation)
(instance conclusion TotalValuedRelation)
(domain conclusion 1 Argument)
(domain conclusion 2 Proposition)
(documentation conclusion "(&%conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that
the &%Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the 
&%Argument ?ARGUMENT.  Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT 
&%entails ?PROPOSITION.")

(instance consistent BinaryPredicate)
(instance consistent SymmetricRelation)
(domain consistent 1 Proposition)
(domain consistent 2 Proposition)
(documentation consistent "(&%consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two 
&%Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it 
is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.")

(subrelation groupMember member)
(domain groupMember 1 Human)
(domain groupMember 2 GroupOfPeople)
(documentation groupMember "A &%subrelation of &%member, &%groupMember 
is used to relate a &%Human to a &%GroupOfPeople of which he/she is a 
&%member.")

(subclass CareOrganization Organization)
(partition CareOrganization Hospital MedicalClinic)
(documentation CareOrganization "Any &%Organization whose purpose is to 
provide medical care for for &%Humans who reside there, either permanently 
or temporarily.")  

(=>
   (instance ?ORG CareOrganization)
   (hasPurpose ?ORG (exists (?PATIENT) (medicalPatient ?PATIENT ?ORG))))

(subclass Hospital CareOrganization)
(subclass Hospital TemporaryResidence)
(documentation Hospital "A &%CareOrganization where patients reside for a 
short period of time while they undergo treatment for a disease or disorder.")

(subclass MedicalClinic CareOrganization)
(subclass MedicalClinic (ComplementFn Residence))
(documentation MedicalClinic "A &%CareOrganization which provides medical care 
on an out-patient basis only, i.e. there are no rooms where patients may take 
up residence for a period of time while they receive care.")

(subclass Proprietorship Corporation)
(documentation Proprietorship "A &%Corporation that is owned by a single person.")

(=>
   (instance ?CORP Proprietorship)
   (exists (?HUMAN)
      (and
         (instance ?HUMAN Human)
         (possesses ?HUMAN ?CORP)
         (forall (?PERSON)
            (=>
               (possesses ?PERSON ?CORP)
               (equal ?PERSON ?HUMAN))))))

(subclass Restaurant Corporation)
(documentation Restaurant "Any &%Corporation whose services include selling 
&%Food to customers which is intended to be eaten on the premises.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMPANY Restaurant)
   (exists (?SERVICE ?FOOD)
      (and
         (instance ?SERVICE CommercialService)
         (agent ?SERVICE ?COMPANY)
         (instance ?SERVICE Selling)
         (patient ?SERVICE ?FOOD)
         (instance ?FOOD Food))))

(subclass Cafeteria Restaurant)
(documentation Cafeteria "Any &%Restaurant which does not offer table service.  
&%Food is selected and purchased at a central counter.")

(subclass Tavern Restaurant)
(documentation Tavern "A &%Restaurant whose primary service is selling 
&%AlcoholicBeverages to customers.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMPANY Tavern)
   (exists (?SERVICE ?BEVERAGE)
      (and
         (instance ?SERVICE CommercialService)
         (agent ?SERVICE ?COMPANY)
         (instance ?SERVICE Selling)
         (patient ?SERVICE ?BEVERAGE)
         (instance ?BEVERAGE Beverage))))

(subclass TransportationCompany Corporation)
(documentation TransportationCompany "Any &%Corporation whose services 
include &%Transportation, e.g. a &%RailroadCompany, an airline, a cruise 
ship line, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMPANY TransportationCompany)
   (exists (?SERVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?SERVICE CommercialService)
         (agent ?SERVICE ?COMPANY)
         (instance ?SERVICE Transportation))))

(subclass RailroadCompany TransportationCompany)
(documentation RailroadCompany "Any &%TransportationCompany whose services 
include &%Transportation by &%Train.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMPANY RailroadCompany)
   (exists (?SERVICE)
      (and
         (instance ?SERVICE CommercialService)
         (agent ?SERVICE ?COMPANY)
         (instance ?SERVICE Transportation)
         (instrument ?SERVICE ?TRAIN)
         (instance ?TRAIN Train))))

(subclass Manufacturer Corporation)
(documentation Manufacturer "Any &%Corporation which manufactures &%Products.")

(=>
   (instance ?MANUFACTURER Manufacturer)
   (exists (?PLANT)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT IndustrialPlant)
         (possesses ?MANUFACTURER ?PLANT))))
                       
(subclass MercantileOrganization Corporation)
(documentation MercantileOrganization "Any &%Corporation which sells 
physical goods to customers for a profit.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG MercantileOrganization)
   (hasPurpose (exists (?SELL)
                  (and
                     (instance ?SELL Selling)
                     (instance ?SELL CommercialService)
                     (agent ?SELL ?ORG)))))

(subclass WholesaleStore MercantileOrganization)
(documentation WholesaleStore "A &%MercantileOrganization that sells its 
goods exclusively to &%Corporations.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STORE WholesaleStore)
      (customer ?CUSTOMER ?STORE))
   (instance ?CUSTOMER Corporation))

(subclass RetailStore MercantileOrganization)
(disjoint RetailStore WholesaleStore)
(documentation RetailStore "The complement of &%WholesaleStore, i.e. 
&%MercantileOrganizations that sell their goods to the general public.")

(subclass GroceryStore RetailStore)
(documentation GroceryStore "A &%RetailStore that sells &%Food, and perhaps 
other items as well.")

(=>
   (instance ?STORE GroceryStore)
   (exists (?SELL)
      (and
         (instance ?SELL Selling)
         (agent ?SELL ?STORE)
         (patient ?SELL ?FOOD)
         (instance ?FOOD Food))))

(subclass OfferingForSale Offering)
(documentation OfferingForSale "&%Offering to sell something to someone.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SALE OfferingForSale)
      (agent ?SALE ?AGENT))
   (patient ?SALE (exists (?SELL ?OBJ)
                     (and
                        (instance ?SELL Selling)
                        (patient ?SELL ?OBJ)
                        (agent ?SELL ?AGENT)))))

(subclass BargainSale Offering)
(documentation Sale "&%Offering to sell something to someone at a 
reduced price.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SALE BargainSale)
      (patient ?SALE ?OBJ)
      (instance ?OBJ Object))
   (exists (?PRICE1 ?PRICE2 ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
      (and
         (holdsDuring (ImmediatePastFn (WhenFn ?SALE)) (price ?OBJ ?PRICE1 ?AGENT1))
         (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?SALE) (price ?OBJ ?PRICE2 ?AGENT2))
         (lessThan ?PRICE2 ?PRICE1))))

(subclass HolyBible Book)
(documentation HolyBible "Any instance of the collection of writings which is 
regarded as scripture by those who embrace &%Christianity.")

(subclass MissionOrganization ReligiousOrganization)
(documentation MissionOrganization "The class of &%ReligiousOrganizations 
that send members to foreign countries with the aim of coverting citizens 
of those countries to the beliefs of the &%ReligiousOrganization.")

(subclass ReligiousBuilding Building)
(documentation ReligiousBuilding "A &%Building which is intended to be 
used for religious worship.  This class covers churches, temples, 
religious shrines, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?BUILDING ReligiousBuilding)
   (hasPurpose ?BUILDING (exists (?SERVICE)
                            (and
                               (instance ?SERVICE ReligiousService)
                               (located ?SERVICE ?BUILDING)))))

(subclass Steeple StationaryArtifact)
(documentation Steeple "A component of a &%ReligiousBuilding that is tall 
and narrow and symbolizes the connection between humanity and a deity.")

(=>
   (instance ?STEEPLE Steeple)
   (exists (?BUILDING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING Building)
         (part ?STEEPLE ?BUILDING))))

(subclass ReligiousService ReligiousProcess)
(subclass ReligiousService Demonstrating)
(documentation ReligiousService "A formal process of public worship which is 
typically carried out in a church, temple or other sanctified building and 
which typically accords with a prescribed set of rules.")

(subclass ChristianService ReligiousService)
(documentation ChristianService "Any &%ReligiousService that is conducted by 
&%members of &%Christianity.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SERVICE ChristianService)
      (agent ?SERVICE ?PERSON)
      (instance ?PERSON Human))
   (member ?PERSON Christianity))

(subclass Praying ReligiousProcess)
(subclass Praying Requesting)
(documentation Praying "A formal or informal process of private worship which 
may or may not be carried out in a &%ReligiousBuilding.")

(subclass PartyPlatform FactualText)
(documentation PartyPlatform "A &%Text which is authored by a &%PoliticalParty 
and which contains the core goals and principles of the &%PoliticalParty for a 
particular year or election cycle.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?PLATFORM PartyPlatform)
      (authors ?PARTY ?PLATFORM)
      (instance ?PARTY Organization))
   (instance ?PARTY PoliticalParty))

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?PLATFORM PartyPlatform)
      (authors ?PARTY ?PLATFORM)
      (instance ?PARTY PoliticalParty)
      (instance ?INST ?PLATFORM)
      (containsInformation ?INST ?PROP))
   (believes ?PARTY ?PROP))

(instance ResidentFn UnaryFunction)
(domain ResidentFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range ResidentFn GroupOfPeople)
(documentation ResidentFn "(&%ResidentFn ?AREA) denotes the 
&%GroupOfPeople who have their &%home in ?AREA.")

(=>
   (member ?PERSON (ResidentFn ?AREA))
   (home ?PERSON ?AREA))

(subrelation CitizenryFn ResidentFn)
(domain CitizenryFn 1 GeopoliticalArea)
(range CitizenryFn GroupOfPeople)
(documentation CitizenryFn "(&%CitizenryFn ?AREA) denotes the 
&%GroupOfPeople who are legal and permanent residents of the 
&%GeopoliticalArea ?AREA.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
      (equal ?CITIZENRY (CitizenryFn ?AREA))
      (equal ?POPULATION (ResidentFn ?AREA)))
   (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?POPULATION ?CITIZENRY))

(instance PerCapitaFn BinaryFunction)
(domain PerCapitaFn 1 Quantity)
(domain PerCapitaFn 2 GeopoliticalArea)
(range PerCapitaFn Quantity)
(documentation PerCapitaFn "(&%PerCapitaFn ?AREA ?QUANTITY) denotes the 
average amount of ?QUANTITY possessed by a resident of &%GeopoliticalArea 
?AREA.")

(=>
   (equal (PerCapitaFn ?AREA ?QUANTITY1) ?QUANTITY2)
   (exists (?POPULATION)
      (and
         (equal ?POPULATION (CardinalityFn (ResidentFn ?AREA)))
         (equal ?QUANTITY2 (DivisionFn ?QUANTITY1 ?POPULATION)))))  

(subclass CityDistrict GeopoliticalArea)
(documentation CityDistrict "Any &%geopoliticalSubdivision of a &%City.")

(<=>
   (instance ?DISTRICT CityDistrict)
   (exists (?CITY)
      (and
         (instance ?CITY City)
         (geopoliticalSubdivision ?DISTRICT ?CITY))))

(subclass Downtown CityDistrict)
(documentation Downtown "The commercial center of a &%City.  The part of the 
&%City that contains more shops and offices than any other part.")

(subclass Park LandArea)
(documentation Park "A publicly owned &%LandArea which is intended to be used 
for recreation and/or exercise.")

(=>
   (instance ?PARK Park)
   (exists (?GOV)
      (and
         (instance ?GOV Government)
         (possesses ?GOV ?PARK))))

(=>
   (instance ?PARK Park)
   (hasPurpose ?PARK (exists (?REC)
                        (and
                           (instance ?REC RecreationOrExercise)
                           (located ?REC ?PARK)))))

(instance RedRiver River)
(part RedRiver UnitedStates)
(documentation RedRiver "A tributary of the Mississippi River.")

(subclass County GeopoliticalArea)
(subclass County LandArea)
(documentation County "A &%GeopoliticalArea that is a subdivision of a 
&%StateOrProvince.")

(=>
   (instance ?COUNTY County)
   (exists (?STATE)
      (and
         (instance ?STATE StateOrProvince)
         (part ?COUNTY ?STATE))))

(instance Mexico Nation)
(meetsSpatially Mexico UnitedStates)
(documentation Mexico "A large Spanish-speaking country that borders on 
the &%UnitedStates.")

(instance Laos Nation)
(documentation Laos "A &%Nation in southeastern Asia.")

(instance VirginIslands Collection)
(documentation VirginIslands "A &%Collection of &%Islands in the 
West Indies that are dependencies of the &%UnitedStates and the 
&%UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland.")

(=>
   (member ?ISLAND VirginIslands)
   (instance ?ISLAND Island))

(instance Guam Island)
(documentation Guam "An &%Island in the &%PacificOcean that is a 
protectorate of the &%UnitedStates.")

(instance Cuba Nation)
(instance Cuba Island)
(documentation Cuba "An &%Island &%Nation in the Carribbean.")

(instance UnitedStates Nation)
(documentation UnitedStates "The North American republic of 50 states.")

(subclass AmericanState StateOrProvince)
(documentation AmericanState "The class of states that make up the 
&%UnitedStates.")

(=>
   (instance ?STATE AmericanState)
   (part ?STATE UnitedStates))

(instance Alaska AmericanState)
(documentation Alaska "The largest state in the &%UnitedStates.")

(=>
   (and
      (subclass ?UNIT AreaMeasure)
      (measure Alaska (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT))
      (measure ?STATE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT))
      (instance ?STATE AmericanState)
      (not (equal Alaska ?STATE)))
   (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))

(instance California AmericanState)
(documentation California "The &%AmericanState with the highest population.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?STATE AmericanState)
      (not (equal ?STATE California)))
   (greaterThan (ResidentFn California) (ResidentFn ?STATE)))

(instance NewYorkState AmericanState)
(documentation NewYorkState "A populous state in the northeastern &%UnitedStates.") 

(instance Pennsylvania AmericanState)
(documentation Pennsylvania "A mid-Atlantic &%AmericanState.  Its two major cities 
are Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.")

(instance Texas AmericanState)
(documentation Texas "The second largest &%AmericanState, located in the southwest 
on the Gulf of Mexico.")

(instance Virginia AmericanState)
(meetsSpatially Virginia WashingtonDC)
(documentation Virginia "A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates 
that borders on &%WashingtonDC.")

(instance Georgia AmericanState)
(documentation Georgia "A state in the southeastern &%UnitedStates.")

(instance NewEngland GeographicArea)
(part NewEngland UnitedStates)
(documentation NewEngland "A &%GeographicArea in the &%UnitedStates that is 
made up of the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
and Connecticut.")

(subclass AmericanCity City)
(documentation AmericanCity "The class of cities that are in the 
&%UnitedStates.")

(=>
   (instance ?CITY AmericanCity)
   (part ?CITY UnitedStates))

(instance NewYorkCity AmericanCity)
(part NewYorkCity NewYorkState)
(documentation NewYorkCity "The largest city in the &%UnitedStates.  
A worldwide center of finance and culture, it is comprised of five boroughs.")

(=>
   (instance ?CITY AmericanCity)
   (lessThanOrEqualTo (CardinalityFn (ResidentFn ?CITY)) (CardinalityFn (ResidentFn NewYorkCity))))

(instance WashingtonDC AmericanCity)
(documentation WashingtonDC "The capital city of the &%UnitedStates.")

(instance Chicago AmericanCity)
(documentation Chicago "Often referred to as the second city, Chicago is 
the largest city in the midwestern United States.")

(instance Dallas AmericanCity)
(documentation Dallas "A large &%City in northeastern Texas.")

(instance KansasCityMissouri AmericanCity)
(documentation KansasCityMissouri "A large &%City at the western edge of Missouri.")

(instance Boston AmericanCity)
(documentation Boston "The largest &%City in Massachusetts.")

(instance LosAngeles AmericanCity)
(part LosAngeles California)
(documentation LosAngeles "The largest &%City in &%California.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CITY AmericanCity)
      (part ?CITY California)
      (not (equal ?CITY LosAngeles)))
   (greaterThan (ResidentFn LosAngeles) (ResidentFn ?CITY)))

(instance SanFrancisco AmericanCity)
(part SanFrancisco California)
(documentation SanFrancisco "A large &%City in &%California, located on the 
San Francisco Bay.")

(instance ManchesterNewHampshire AmericanCity)
(documentation ManchesterNewHampshire "The largest &%City in New Hampshire.")

(instance PuertoRico Island)
(part PuertoRico UnitedStates)
(documentation PuertoRico "An autonomous part of the &%UnitedStates.")

(instance Europe Continent)
(documentation Europe "The second smallest &%Continent.")

(subclass EuropeanCity City)
(documentation EuropeanCity "The class of cities that are in &%Europe.")

(=>
   (instance ?CITY EuropeanCity)
   (part ?CITY Europe))

(instance Paris EuropeanCity)
(part Paris France)
(documentation Paris "The capital of &%France and the largest &%City of the country.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CITY City)
      (part ?CITY France))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo (CardinalityFn (ResidentFn ?CITY)) (CardinalityFn (ResidentFn Paris))))

(instance France Nation)
(documentation France "A large, industrialized European &%Nation.")

(instance UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland Nation)
(documentation UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland "The &%Nation comprising 
England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.")

(instance London City)
(part London UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland)
(documentation London "The capital city and the largest city of the
&%UnitedKingdomOfGreatBritainAndNorthernIreland.")

(instance Ireland Nation)
(documentation Ireland "An independent &%Nation that borders on the Irish Sea.")

(instance SovietUnion Nation)
(documentation SovietUnion "The former communist nation of the Soviet Union.")

(instance Russia Nation)
(documentation Russia "A &%Nation which is currently independent, but which 
was once part of the &%SovietUnion.")

(instance Greece Nation)
(part Greece Europe)
(documentation Greece "A small Balkan &%Nation that is known primarily for the 
literature, philosophy, and art produced there during the ancient period.")

(instance Germany Nation) 
(part Germany Europe)
(documentation Germany "A large European &%Nation.")

(instance Japan Nation)
(instance Japan Island)
(documentation Japan "A large industrialized Asian &%Nation.")

(instance UnitedStatesDepartmentOfState GovernmentOrganization)
(subOrganization UnitedStatesDepartmentOfState (GovernmentFn UnitedStates))
(documentation UnitedStatesDepartmentOfState "The &%subOrganization of the US 
government that sets and enforces foreign policy.")

(instance UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior GovernmentOrganization)
(subOrganization UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior (GovernmentFn UnitedStates))
(documentation UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior "Manages and preserves public lands 
and natural resources in the &%UnitedStates.")

(subclass GovernmentSecretary Position)
(documentation GovernmentSecretary "The class of &%Positions where the position holder 
is head of an adminstrative department of &%Government.")

(instance SecretaryOfTheInterior GovernmentSecretary)
(documentation SecretaryOfTheInterior "The head of the &%UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior.")

(=>
   (occupiesPosition ?PERSON SecretaryOfTheInterior UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior)
   (leader UnitedStatesDepartmentOfInterior ?PERSON))

(instance SecretaryOfTheTreasury GovernmentSecretary)
(documentation SecretaryOfTheTreasury "The head of the United States Treasury Department.")

(subclass PoliceOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation PoliceOrganization "Any &%GovernmentOrganization  
that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the &%Government.")

(subclass StateGovernment Government)
(documentation StateGovernment "The class of &%Governments whose 
jurisdictions are &%StateOrProvinces.")

(=>
   (instance ?GOVERNMENT StateGovernment)
   (exists (?STATE)
      (and
         (instance ?STATE StateOrProvince)
         (equal (GovernmentFn ?STATE) ?GOVERNMENT))))

(instance UnitedStatesCongress LegislativeOrganization)
(subOrganization UnitedStatesCongress (GovernmentFn UnitedStates))
(documentation UnitedStatesCongress "The legislative branch of the government 
of the &%UnitedStates.")

(subclass MilitaryOrganization GovernmentOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryOrganization "Any heavily armed &%Organization 
that is part of a &%Government and that is charged with representing the 
&%Government in international conflicts.") 

(subclass MilitaryService MilitaryOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryService "A branch of the armed forces of a &%Nation.  
For example, there are five military services in the United States, the army, 
the navy, the air force, the marines, and the coast guard.")

(subclass Army MilitaryService)
(documentation Army "&%MilitaryServices that are land forces.")

(subclass MilitaryUnit MilitaryOrganization)
(documentation MilitaryUnit "Any &%MilitaryOrganization that can be dispatched 
to an area of operations.")

(subclass InfantryUnit MilitaryUnit)
(documentation InfantryUnit "A &%MilitaryUnit composed primarily of &%Soldiers 
who fight on foot, i.e. without the use of heavy artillery.")

(subclass MilitaryDivision MilitaryUnit)
(documentation MilitaryDivision "Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of 
division.")

(subclass MilitaryBrigade MilitaryUnit)
(documentation MilitaryBrigade "Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of 
brigade.")

(subclass MilitaryCompany MilitaryUnit)
(documentation MilitaryCompany "Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of 
company.")

(subclass MilitaryRegiment MilitaryUnit)
(documentation MilitaryRegiment "Any &%MilitaryUnit with the rank of 
regiment.")

(subclass Commission Organization)
(documentation Commission "A small, temporary &%Organization whose purpose 
is to investigate some issue.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMMISSION Commission)
   (hasPurpose ?COMMISSION (exists (?INVESTIGATE ?ISSUE)
                              (and
                                 (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
                                 (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?ISSUE)
                                 (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?COMMISSION)))))

(subclass ServiceOrganization Organization)
(documentation ServiceOrganization "An &%Organization that performs 
a public service and is regulated by the &%Government.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG ServiceOrganization)
   (exists (?PROC ?GOV)
      (and
         (instance ?PROC RegulatoryProcess)
         (patient ?PROC ?ORG)
         (agent ?PROC ?GOV)
         (instance ?GOV Government)))) 

(subclass OrganizationalBoard Organization)
(documentation OrganizationalBoard "Part of an &%Organization that 
is responsible for managing the &%Organization.")

(=>
   (instance ?BOARD OrganizationalBoard)
   (exists (?ORG ?MANAGE)
      (and
         (subOrganization ?BOARD ?ORG)
         (instance ?MANAGE Managing)
         (agent ?MANAGE ?BOARD)
         (patient ?MANAGE ?ORG))))

(subclass SecurityUnit Organization)
(documentation SecurityUnit "The &%Organization that is charged with 
ensuring the security of members of the overall &%Organization and the 
property of the &%Organization.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?UNIT SecurityUnit)
      (subOrganization (OrganizationFn ?UNIT) ?ORG))
   (holdsObligation (exists (?MAINTAIN)
                       (and
                          (instance ?MAINTAIN Maintaining)
                          (agent ?MAINTAIN ?UNIT)
                          (patient ?MAINTAIN ?ORG)))))

(subclass UnionOrganization Organization)
(documentation UnionOrganization "An &%Organization comprised of workers from 
the same &%Corporation or &%Industry.  The purpose of the &%UnionOrganization 
is to strengthen its representation in bargaining with the &%Corporation or 
&%Industry.")

(=>
   (instance ?ORG UnionOrganization)
   (exists (?COLL)
      (=>
         (member ?MEMBER ?ORG)
         (or
            (and
               (instance ?COLL Corporation)
               (employs ?COLL ?MEMBER)) 
            (exists (?CORP)
               (and
                  (instance ?COLL Industry)
                  (member ?CORP ?COLL)
                  (employs ?CORP ?MEMBER)))))))

(subclass OrganicCompound CompoundSubstance)
(documentation OrganicCompound "Any &%CompoundSubstance that has a &%Carbon 
base.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?COMPOUND OrganicCompound)
      (instance ?COMPOUND Molecule))
   (exists (?CARBON)
      (and
         (instance ?CARBON Carbon)
         (part ?CARBON ?COMPOUND))))

(subclass Alcohol OrganicCompound)
(documentation Alcohol "&%OrganicCompounds that are produced from hydrocarbons 
by distillation.")

(subclass SodiumChloride CompoundSubstance)
(documentation SodiumChloride "The &%CompoundSubstance formed from &%Sodium 
and &%Chlorine.")

(=>
   (instance ?SALT SodiumChloride)
   (exists (?SYNTHESIS ?SODIUM ?CHLORINE)
      (and
         (instance ?SYNTHESIS ChemicalSynthesis)
         (resource ?SYNTHESIS ?SODIUM)
         (instance ?SODIUM Sodium)
         (resource ?SYNTHESIS ?CHLORINE)
         (instance ?CHLORINE Chlorine)
         (result ?SYNTHESIS ?SALT))))

(subclass SalineSolution Solution)
(documentation SalineSolution "A &%Solution consisting of &%SodiumChloride and 
&%Water.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SOLUTION SalineSolution)
      (part ?PART ?SOLUTION))
   (or
      (instance ?PART SodiumChloride)
      (instance ?PART Water)))

(=>
   (instance ?WATER Water)
   (exists (?SYNTHESIS ?HYDROGEN ?OXYGEN)
      (and
         (instance ?SYNTHESIS ChemicalSynthesis)
         (resource ?SYNTHESIS ?HYDROGEN)
         (instance ?HYDROGEN Hydrogen)
         (resource ?SYNTHESIS ?OXYGEN)
         (instance ?OXYGEN Oxygen)
         (result ?SYNTHESIS ?WATER))))

(subclass Oil Solution)
(documentation Oil "A greasy, viscous &%Solution that cannot be mixed with &%Water.  
Note that this general class covers petroleum oil, vegetable oil, animal fat, etc.")

(=>
   (instance ?OIL Oil)
   (not (exists (?MIX ?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?MIX Mixture)
         (part ?WATER ?MIX)
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (part ?OIL ?MIX)))))

(subclass Detergent Mixture)
(documentation Detergent "Any &%Mixture whose purpose is to remove &%Soil 
and/or other undesirable substances from the surfaces of objects.")

(=>
   (instance ?DETERGENT Detergent)
   (hasPurpose ?DETERGENT (exists (?REMOVE ?SUBSTANCE ?SURFACE ?OBJECT)
                             (and
                                (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
                                (instance ?SUBSTANCE Substance)
                                (patient ?REMOVE ?SUBSTANCE)
                                (origin ?REMOVE ?SURFACE)
                                (surface ?SURFACE ?OBJECT)))))

(subclass Glue Mixture)
(documentation Glue "Any &%Mixture whose purpose is to be used as the &%instrument 
of &%Attaching one thing to another.")

(=>
   (instance ?GLUE Glue)
   (hasPurpose ?GLUE (exists (?ATTACH)
                            (and
                               (instance ?ATTACH Attaching)
                               (instrument ?ATTACH ?GLUE)))))

(subclass Glass Mixture)
(documentation Glass "A transparent or translucent &%Mixture of silicates.")

(subclass MetallicAlloy Mixture)
(documentation MetallicAlloy "A &%Mixture of two or more &%Metals, and possibly 
nonmetallic elements as well.  For example, steel is an alloy containing iron 
and manganese.")

(=>
   (instance ?ALLOY MetallicAlloy)
   (exists (?METAL1 ?METAL2)
      (and
         (instance ?METAL1 Metal)
         (instance ?METAL2 Metal)
         (not (equal ?METAL1 ?METAL2))
         (part ?METAL1 ?ALLOY)
         (part ?METAL2 ?ALLOY))))

(subclass Steel MetallicAlloy)
(documentation Steel "A &%MetallicAlloy made from &%Iron and other elements.")

(=>
   (instance ?STEEL Steel)
   (exists (?IRON)
      (and
         (instance ?IRON Iron)
         (part ?IRON ?STEEL))))

(subclass Brass MetallicAlloy)
(documentation Brass "A &%MetallicAlloy made from &%Copper and &%Zinc.")

(=>
   (instance ?BRASS Brass)
   (exists (?COPPER ?ZINC)
      (and
         (instance ?COPPER Copper)
         (instance ?ZINC Zinc)
         (part ?COPPER ?BRASS)
         (part ?ZINC ?BRASS))))

(subclass Powder Substance)
(documentation Powder "Any &%Solid &%Substance which consists of loose, 
identical, and very small particles.")

(=>
   (instance ?POWDER Powder)
   (attribute ?POWDER Solid))

(subclass Fallout Powder)
(documentation Fallout "Radioactive powder that is typically dispersed by 
the explosion of a nuclear weapon.")

(=>
   (instance ?POWDER Fallout)
   (capability RadiatingNuclear instrument ?POWDER))

(subclass GasMixture Mixture)
(documentation GasMixture "Any &%Mixture that satisfies two conditions, 
viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a &%Gas and any 
component other than &%Gas in the &%Mixture is in the form of fine particles 
which are suspended in the &%Gas.") 

(subclass Smoke GasMixture)
(documentation Smoke "A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is 
produced by &%Combustion.")

(=>
   (instance ?SMOKE Smoke)
   (exists (?BURNING)
      (and
         (instance ?BURNING Combustion)
         (result ?BURNING ?SMOKE))))

(subclass Cloud GasMixture)
(documentation Cloud "Any &%GasMixture that is visible, e.g. clouds of &%Smoke 
produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD Cloud)
   (capability Seeing patient ?CLOUD))

(subclass WaterCloud Cloud)
(documentation WaterCloud "Any &%Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor.")

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (part ?WATER ?CLOUD))))

(=>
   (instance ?CLOUD WaterCloud)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (and
            (part ?PART ?CLOUD)
            (not (instance ?PART Water)))
         (exists (?WATER)
            (and
               (instance ?WATER Water)
               (part ?WATER ?CLOUD)
               (measure ?WATER ?MEASURE1)
               (measure ?PART ?MEASURE2)
               (greaterThan ?WATER ?PART))))))

(subclass Fog WaterCloud)
(documentation "Any &%WaterCloud that is in contact with the ground.")

(=>
   (instance ?FOG Fog)
   (exists (?LAND)
      (and
         (instance ?LAND LandArea)
         (meetsSpatially ?FOG ?LAND))))

(subclass Ice Water)
(documentation Ice "&%Water that has the &%PhysicalState of &%Solid.")

(<=>
   (instance ?ICE Ice)
   (and
      (instance ?ICE Water)
      (attribute ?ICE Solid)))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ICE Ice)
      (measure ?ICE (MeasureFn ?NUMBER CelsiusDegree)))
   (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER 0))

(subclass ShoreArea LandArea)
(documentation ShoreArea "A &%ShoreArea is a &%LandArea approximately 
1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, 
or lake.  A &%ShoreArea may comprise a variety of &%LandForms, such as dunes, 
sloughs, and marshes.")

(=>
   (instance ?BANK ShoreArea)
   (exists (?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?WATER WaterArea)
         (meetsSpatially ?BANK ?WATER))))

(subclass Field LandArea)
(documentation Field "A &%LandArea that has been cleared of &%BotanicalTrees.  
Note that a &%Field is not necessarily used for the cultivation of crops and 
that a &%Field may be very small, e.g. &%Lawn is a subclass of &%Field.")

(=>
   (instance ?FIELD Field)
   (not (exists (?TREE)
      (and
         (instance ?TREE BotanicalTree)
         (located ?TREE ?FIELD)))))

(subclass Lawn Field)
(documentation Lawn "A &%Field of cultivated and mowed &%Grass.")

(=>
   (instance ?LAWN Lawn)
   (exists (?GRASS)
      (and
         (instance ?GRASS Grass)
         (located ?GRASS ?LAWN))))

(subclass MilitaryFront GeographicArea)
(documentation MilitaryFront "A &%GeographicArea along which opposing military 
forces confront one another in a &%Battle.")

(=>
   (holdsDuring ?TIME (instance ?AREA MilitaryFront))
   (exists (?BATTLE)
      (and
         (instance ?BATTLE Battle)
         (located ?BATTLE ?AREA)
         (temporalPart ?TIME ?BATTLE))))

(partition Region GeographicArea SpaceRegion)

(subclass SpaceRegion Region)
(disjoint SpaceRegion GeographicArea)
(partition SpaceRegion AtmosphericRegion OuterSpaceRegion)
(documentation SpaceRegion "The class of all &%Regions which are not 
&%GeographicAreas.")

(subclass OuterSpaceRegion SpaceRegion)
(documentation OuterSpaceRegion "The class of all &%Regions which are 
neither &%GeographicAreas nor &%AtmosphericRegions.")

(subclass StormFront AtmosphericRegion)
(documentation StormFront "The &%Region where two or more unstable air 
masses meet.")

(=>
   (instance ?FRONT StormFront)
   (exists (?AIR1 ?AIR2)
      (and
         (instance ?AIR1 Air)
         (instance ?AIR2 Air)
         (between ?AIR1 ?FRONT ?AIR2))))

(instance Outside Region)
(documentation Outside "Any &%Region which is not enclosed by a &%Building 
or part of a &%Building.")

(=>
   (instance ?OUTSIDE Outside)
   (not (exists (?BUILDING ?THING)
      (and
         (instance ?BUILDING Building)
         (located ?THING ?BUILDING)
         (located ?THING ?OUTSIDE)))))

(subclass BiologicalSpecies Class)
(documentation BiologicalSpecies "The &%Class of all biological species, i.e. 
the class of all classes of &%Organism whose instances can interbreed.")

(=>
   (instance ?SPECIES BiologicalSpecies)
   (subclass ?SPECIES Organism))

(subclass Wood Tissue)
(subclass Wood PlantSubstance)
(documentation Wood "&%Tissue that comprises the inner trunk of &%Trees.  
It is often used in constructing &%Buildings and other &%Artifacts.") 

(subclass Opium BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(subclass Opium PlantSubstance)
(documentation Opium "A substance harvested from the seed capsules of the 
opium poppy that contains various powerful alkaloids.")

(subclass Grass FloweringPlant)
(documentation Grass "&%FloweringPlants with green, narrow leaves that are 
used for lawns and &%Fields.")

(subclass Tumor AbnormalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Tumor "Any &%AbnormalAnatomicalStructure which consists of a 
mass of &%Tissue.  Note that this class covers both malignant (i.e. cancerous) 
and benign tumors.")

(=>
   (instance ?TUMOR Tumor)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (part ?PART ?TUMOR)
         (instance ?PART Tissue))))

(subclass AnimalSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation AnimalSubstance "&%BodySubstances that are produced 
exclusively by &%Animals.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE AnimalSubstance)
      (instance ?ANIMAL Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Animal))

(subclass Sweat AnimalSubstance)
(documentation Sweat "An &%AnimalSubstance that contains &%SodiumChloride 
and is produced by the sweat glands.")

(=>
   (instance ?SWEAT Sweat)
   (exists (?PART)
      (and
         (instance ?PART SodiumChloride)
         (part ?PART ?SWEAT))))

(subclass PlantSubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation PlantSubstance "&%BodySubstances that are produced 
exclusively by &%Plants.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SUBSTANCE PlantSubstance)
      (instance ?PLANT Organism)
      (part ?SUBSTANCE ?PLANT))
   (instance ?PLANT Plant))

(subclass PlantLeaf PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass PlantLeaf Organ)
(documentation PlantLeaf "An &%Organ of &%Plants whose main purpose is 
photosynthesis.")

(subclass PlantBranch PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass PlantBranch BodyPart)
(documentation PlantBranch "The stem of a &%Plant or any shoot arising from 
the stem of a &%Plant.")

(subclass PlantRoot PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass PlantRoot Organ)
(documentation PlantRoot "An &%Organ of &%Plants whose main purpose is 
twofold, viz. to absorb nutrients from the ground and to anchor the &%Plant 
in place.")

(subclass Flower PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Flower Organ)
(documentation Flower "The reproductive organ of &%FloweringPlants.")

(=>
   (instance ?FLOWER Flower)
   (exists (?PLANT)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT FloweringPlant)
         (part ?FLOWER ?PLANT))))

(subclass Antibody Protein)
(documentation Antibody "An immunoglobulin which is produced by the body 
and which has the ability to neutralize &%Antigens.")

(=>
   (instance ?BODY Antibody)
   (hasPurpose ?BODY (exists (?DEST)
                        (and
                           (instance ?DEST Destruction)
                           (agent ?DEST ?BODY)
                           (patient ?DEST ?ANTI)
                           (instance ?ANTI Antigen)))))

(subclass Antigen BiologicallyActiveSubstance)
(documentation Antigen "Any &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance that has the 
capacity to stimulate the production of &%Antibodies.")

(subclass LiquidBodySubstance BodySubstance)
(documentation LiquidBodySubstance "Any &%BodySubstance which is &%Liquid 
under normal circumstances.")

(=>
   (instance ?SUBSTANCE LiquidBodySubstance)
   (attribute ?SUBSTANCE Liquid))

(subclass Serum LiquidBodySubstance)
(disjoint Serum Blood)
(documentation Serum "Any &%LiquidBodySubstance other than &%Blood.")

(subclass Milk LiquidBodySubstance)
(subclass Milk Beverage)
(documentation Milk "A nutritious &%BodySubstance produced by &%Mammals.")

(=>
   (instance ?MILK Milk)
   (exists (?PROCESS ?MAMMAL)
      (and
         (instance ?MAMMAL Mammal)
         (instrument ?PROCESS ?MAMMAL)
         (result ?PROCESS ?MILK))))

(subclass CellNucleus OrganicObject)
(documentation CellNucleus "The part of the &%Cell that contains DNA and 
RNA.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUCLEUS CellNucleus)
   (exists (?CELL)
      (and
         (instance ?CELL Cell)
         (part ?NUCLEUS ?CELL))))

(subclass AlcoholicBeverage Beverage)
(documentation AlcoholicBeverage "Any &%Beverage that contains &%Alcohol.")

(=>
   (instance ?BEVERAGE AlcoholicBeverage)
   (exists (?ALCOHOL)
      (and
         (instance ?ALCOHOL Alcohol)
         (part ?ALCOHOL ?BEVERAGE))))

(subclass DistilledAlcoholicBeverage AlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation DistilledAlcoholicBeverage "An &%AlcoholicBeverage that has 
had some part of its &%Water content removed by distillation.  This class 
covers drinks of unmixed, hard liquor.")

(=>
   (instance ?BEVERAGE DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
   (exists (?REMOVE ?WATER)
      (and
         (instance ?REMOVE Removing)
         (patient ?REMOVE ?WATER)
         (instance ?WATER Water)
         (origin ?REMOVE ?BEVERAGE))))

(subclass Whiskey DistilledAlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation Whiskey "A &%DistilledAlcoholicBeverage that is prepared by 
distilling fermented grain mash.")

(subclass Beer AlcoholicBeverage)
(documentation Beer "An &%AlcoholicBeverage that is prepared by fermenting 
malt and hops.")

(subclass Egg ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Egg AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Egg "The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody 
of an &%Animal.  This includes &%Bird and &%Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian 
ova.") 

(subclass Seed ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Seed PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Seed "The fertilized or unfertilized female &%ReproductiveBody 
of a &%FloweringPlant.")

(=>
   (instance ?SEED Seed)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT FloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SEED ?PLANT))))) 

(subclass Pollen ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Pollen PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Pollen "A powder produced by &%FloweringPlants that contains male 
gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of &%FloweringPlants of the same 
species.")

(subclass Spore ReproductiveBody)
(subclass Spore PlantAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Spore "Any &%ReproductiveBody of a &%NonFloweringPlant.")

(=>
   (instance ?SPORE Spore)
   (exists (?PLANT ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?PLANT NonFloweringPlant)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?SPORE ?PLANT))))) 

(subclass SpinalColumn Organ) 
(subclass SpinalColumn AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation SpinalColumn "A flexible column made out of bones called 
vertebrae. The main function of the &%SpinalColumn is to protect the 
spinal cord.") 

(<=> 
   (instance ?VERT Vertebrate) 
   (exists (?SPINE) 
      (and 
         (instance ?VERT Animal)
         (component ?SPINE ?VERT) 
         (instance ?SPINE SpinalColumn)))) 

(subclass Skin BodyCovering)
(subclass Skin AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Skin "A BodyCovering that comprises part of the surface 
of &%Animals.")

(=>
   (instance ?SKIN Skin)
   (exists (?SURFACE ?ANIMAL)
      (and
         (surface ?SURFACE ?ANIMAL)
         (part ?SKIN ?ANIMAL)
         (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
         (overlapsSpatially ?SKIN ?SURFACE)))) 

(subclass BronchialDuct BodyVessel)
(subclass BronchialDuct AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation BronchialDuct "Any &%BodyVessel which is located in a 
&%Lung and which carries oxygen from the trachea to the alveoli.")

(=>
   (instance ?DUCT BronchialDuct)
   (exists (?LUNG)
      (and
         (instance ?LUNG Lung)
         (located ?DUCT ?LUNG))))

(subclass BloodVessel BodyVessel)
(subclass BloodVessel AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation BloodVessel "Any &%BodyVessel which is used to circulate 
&%Blood from one part of the body to another.")

(=>
   (instance ?VESSEL BloodVessel)
   (exists (?BLOOD ?TRANSFER)
      (and
         (instance ?BLOOD Blood)
         (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
         (patient ?TRANSFER ?BLOOD)
         (instrument ?TRANSFER ?VESSEL))))

(subclass Artery BloodVessel)
(documentation Artery "Any &%BloodVessel which transfers &%Blood from 
the &%Heart to the extremities of the body.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARTERY Artery)
      (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
      (patient ?TRANSFER ?BLOOD)
      (instrument ?TRANSFER ?ARTERY)
      (instance ?BLOOD Blood))
   (exists (?HEART)
      (and
         (instance ?HEART Heart)
         (origin ?TRANSFER ?HEART))))

(subclass PulmonaryArtery Artery)
(documentation PulmonaryArtery "An &%Artery that carries &%Blood from 
the &%Heart to a &%Lung.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ARTERY PulmonaryArtery)
      (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
      (patient ?TRANSFER ?BLOOD)
      (instrument ?TRANSFER ?ARTERY)
      (instance ?BLOOD Blood))
   (exists (?LUNG)
      (and
         (instance ?LUNG Lung)
         (destination ?TRANSFER ?LUNG))))

(subclass Lung Organ)
(subclass Lung AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Lung "A respiratory organ of &%Vertebrates.  Its function is 
to furnish the blood with oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.")

(=> 
   (instance ?VERT Vertebrate) 
   (exists (?LUNG) 
      (and 
         (component ?LUNG ?VERT) 
         (instance ?LUNG Lung)))) 

(=>
   (capability Breathing experiencer ?ANIMAL)
   (exists (?LUNG)
      (and
         (component ?LUNG ?ANIMAL)
         (instance ?LUNG Lung))))

(subclass Heart Organ)
(subclass Heart AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Heart "The &%Organ that pumps &%Blood throughout the body.")

(=>
   (instance ?HEART Heart)
   (exists (?TRANSFER ?BLOOD)
      (and
         (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
         (instance ?BLOOD Blood)
         (instrument ?TRANSFER ?HEART)
         (patient ?TRANSFER ?BLOOD)))) 

(subclass Liver Organ)
(subclass Liver AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Liver "An &%Organ that secretes bile and serves metabolic 
functions.")

(subclass Mouth AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Mouth BodyPart)
(documentation Mouth "Part of the &%Face, used for &%Ingesting &%Food 
and &%Vocalizing.")

(=>
   (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
   (exists (?FACE)
      (and
         (instance ?FACE Face)
         (part ?FACE ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Tongue AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Tongue BodyPart)
(documentation Tongue "Part of the &%Mouth, used for &%Tasting &%Food, 
&%Vocalizing, and the initial stage of &%Digesting.")

(=>
   (instance ?TONGUE Tongue)
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (part ?TONGUE ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Tooth Bone)
(documentation Tooth "Part of the &%Mouth, used for biting and chewing.")

(=>
   (instance ?TOOTH Tooth)
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (part ?TOOTH ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Chewing BodyMotion)
(documentation Chewing "Breaking up or mashing &%Food with one's teeth.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHEW Chewing)
      (resource ?CHEW ?FOOD))
   (instance ?FOOD Food))

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?CHEW Chewing)
      (instrument ?CHEW ?TOOTH))
   (instance ?TOOTH Tooth))

(=>
   (instance ?CHEW Chewing)
   (exists (?EAT)
      (and
         (instance ?EAT Eating)
         (subProcess ?CHEW ?EAT))))

(subclass Lip AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Lip BodyPart)
(documentation Lip "Folds of &%Tissue surrounding the mouths of some 
&%Vertebrates.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIP Lip)
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (part ?LIP ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Kissing Touching)
(documentation Kissing "The class of &%Touching processes where the lips 
of two persons are brought into contact with each other.")

(=>
   (instance ?KISS Kissing)
   (exists (?PERSON1 ?PERSON2 ?LIP1 ?LIP2)
      (and
         (agent ?KISS ?PERSON1)
         (agent ?KISS ?PERSON2)
         (instance ?PERSON1 Human)
         (instance ?PERSON2 Human)
         (not (equal ?PERSON1 ?PERSON2))
         (instance ?LIP1 Lip)
         (instance ?LIP2 Lip)
         (part ?LIP1 ?PERSON1)
         (part ?LIP2 ?PERSON2)
         (holdsDuring (BeginFn (WhenFn ?KISS)) (not (meetsSpatially ?LIP1 ?LIP2)))
         (holdsDuring (EndFn (WhenFn ?KISS)) (meetsSpatially ?LIP1 ?LIP2)))))

(subclass Skeleton AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Skeleton BodyPart)
(documentation Skeleton "The system of &%Bones that make up the supporting structure 
of &%Vertebrates.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
      (instance ?SKELETON Skeleton)
      (part ?SKELETON ?ANIMAL))
   (instance ?ANIMAL Vertebrate))

(<=>
   (instance ?BONE Bone)
   (exists (?SKELETON)
      (and
         (instance ?SKELETON Skeleton)
         (part ?BONE ?SKELETON))))

(subclass Throat AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Throat BodyVessel)
(documentation Throat "A &%BodyVessel which connects the &%Mouth to the 
lungs and stomach.")

(=>
   (instance ?THROAT Throat)
   (exists (?MOUTH)
      (and
         (instance ?MOUTH Mouth)
         (connected ?THROAT ?MOUTH))))

(subclass Hair AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Hair "A filament that covers part of the body of many 
&%Mammals.")

(=>
   (instance ?HAIR Hair)
   (exists ( ?MAMMAL ?TIME)
      (and
         (instance ?MAMMAL Mammal)
         (holdsDuring ?TIME (part ?HAIR ?MAMMAL)))))

(subclass HairRemoval Removing)
(docmentation HairRemoval "&%Removing (some or all) the &%Hair from the 
body of an &%Animal.  Note that this covers shaving hair, cutting hair, 
pulling hair out by the roots, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?REMOVE HairRemoval)
      (resource ?REMOVE ?HAIR))
   (instance ?HAIR Hair))
      
(subclass Brain Organ)
(subclass Brain AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Brain "The seat of the central nervous system.")

(subclass Stomach Organ)
(subclass Stomach AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Stomach "A muscular sac that is the principal organ of 
digestion.")

(=>
   (instance ?STOMACH Stomach)
   (capability Digesting instrument ?STOMACH))

(subclass Hypothalamus BodyPart)
(subclass Hypothalamus AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Hypothalamus "The part of the &%Brain lying below the 
thalamus that serves to regulate &%AutonomicProcesses.")

(=>
   (instance ?HYPO Hypothalamus)
   (exists (?BRAIN)
      (and
         (instance ?BRAIN Brain)
         (part ?HYPO ?BRAIN))))

(subclass Eye Organ)
(subclass Eye AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Eye "The &%Organ of sight.")

(=>
   (instance ?EYE Eye)
   (capability Seeing instrument ?EYE))

(=>
   (instance ?EYE Eye)
   (exists (?HEAD)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAD Head)
         (part ?EYE ?HEAD))))

(subclass Ear Organ)
(subclass Ear AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Ear "The &%Organ of hearing.")

(=>
   (instance ?EAR Ear)
   (capability Hearing instrument ?EAR))

(=>
   (instance ?EAR Ear)
   (exists (?HEAD)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAD Head)
         (part ?EAR ?HEAD))))

(subclass Nose Organ)
(subclass Nose AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(documentation Nose "The &%Organ of &%Smelling.")

(=>
   (instance ?NOSE Nose)
   (capability Smelling instrument ?NOSE))

(=>
   (instance ?NOSE Nose)
   (exists (?FACE)
      (and
         (instance ?FACE Face)
         (part ?NOSE ?FACE))))

(subclass ThyroidGland Gland)
(documentation ThyroidGland "A &%Gland in the neck that produces 
&%HormoneTSH, which regulates body weight, metabolic rate, etc.")

(subclass HormoneTSH Hormone)
(documentation HormoneTSH "A &%Hormone secreted by the &%ThyroidGland.")

(=>
   (instance ?HORMONE HormoneTSH)
   (exists (?PROC ?GLAND)
      (and
         (instance ?GLAND ThyroidGland)
         (instrument ?PROC ?GLAND)
         (result ?PROC ?HORMONE))))

(subclass Arm Limb)
(documentation Arm "The upper &%Limbs of a &%Primate.")

(=>
   (instance ?ARM Arm)
   (exists (?PRIMATE)
      (and
         (instance ?PRIMATE Primate)
         (part ?ARM ?PRIMATE))))

(subclass Hand AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Hand BodyPart)
(documentation Hand "The grasping, fingered part of an upper limb of a 
&%Primate.")

(=>
   (instance ?HAND Hand)
   (exists (?ARM)
      (and
         (instance ?ARM Arm)
         (part ?HAND ?ARM))))

(subclass Finger AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Finger BodyPart)
(documentation Finger "The five extremities of &%Hands.")

(=>
   (instance ?FINGER Finger)
   (exists (?HAND)
      (and
         (instance ?HAND Hand)
         (part ?FINGER ?HAND))))

(subclass Limb AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Limb BodyPart)
(documentation Limb "Any of the limbs of a &%Vertebrate.")

(=>
   (instance ?LIMB Limb)
   (exists (?VERTEBRATE)
      (and
         (instance ?VERTEBRATE Vertebrate)
         (part ?LIMB ?VERTEBRATE))))

(subclass Snake Reptile)
(documentation Snake "A long and narrow &%Reptile which lacks &%Limbs.")

(=>
   (instance ?SNAKE Snake)
   (not (exists (?LIMB)
      (and
         (instance ?LIMB Limb)
         (part ?LIMB ?SNAKE)))))

(subclass ConstrictorSnake Snake)
(documentation ConstrictorSnake "A &%Snake that lacks venom and kills its 
prey by crushing it to death.")

(subclass Anaconda ConstrictorSnake)
(documentation Anaconda "A very large Boa that is found in South America.")

(subclass Bee Insect)
(documentation Bee "A hairy &%Insect, some species of which produce honey 
and/or sting.")

(subclass BumbleBee Bee)
(documentation BumbleBee "A large &%Bee which lacks a stinger.")

(subclass QueenInsect Insect)
(documentation QueenInsect "A &%Female &%Insect which is the sole member of 
her colony with the capability to reproduce.") 

(=>
   (instance ?INSECT QueenInsect)
      (and
         (attribute ?INSECT Female)
         (capability Replication agent ?INSECT)))

(=>
   (instance ?INSECT QueenInsect)
   (exists (?GROUP)
      (and
         (instance ?GROUP Group)
         (member ?INSECT ?GROUP)
         (not (exists (?MEMBER) 
                 (and
                    (member ?MEMBER ?GROUP)
                    (capability Replication agent ?MEMBER)
                    (not (equal ?MEMBER ?INSECT))))))))

(subclass Leg Limb)
(documentation Leg "The lower &%Limbs of &%Primates.")

(=>
   (instance ?LEG Leg)
   (exists (?PRIMATE)
      (and
         (instance ?PRIMATE Primate)
         (part ?LEG ?PRIMATE))))

(subclass Foot AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Foot BodyPart)
(documentation Foot "The lower part of a &%Limb, the part which makes contact 
with the ground in locomotion of the &%Animal.")

(=>
   (instance ?FOOT Foot)
   (exists (?LIMB)
      (and
         (instance ?LIMB Leg)
         (part ?FOOT ?LIMB))))

(subclass Toe AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Toe BodyPart)
(documentation Toe "The five extremities of a &%Foot.")

(=>
   (instance ?TOE Toe)
   (exists (?FOOT)
      (and
         (instance ?FOOT Foot)
         (part ?TOE ?FOOT))))

(subclass Knee AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Knee BodyJunction)
(documentation Knee "The joint in the &%Leg connecting the tibia and fibula 
with the femur.")

(=>
   (instance ?KNEE Knee)
   (exists (?LEG)
      (and
         (instance ?LEG Leg)
         (part ?KNEE ?LEG))))

(subclass Shoulder AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Shoulder BodyPart)
(documentation Shoulder "The part of a &%Primate between the &%Arm and 
the neck.")

(=>
   (instance ?SHOULDER Shoulder)
   (exists (?PRIMATE)
      (and
         (instance ?PRIMATE Primate)
         (part ?SHOULDER ?PRIMATE))))

(subclass Torso AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Torso BodyPart)
(documentation Torso "The body of a &%Primate excluding its &%Limbs.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?TORSO Torso)
      (instance ?LIMB Limb))
   (not (overlapsSpatially ?TORSO ?LIMB)))

(subclass Head AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Head BodyPart)
(documentation Head "The part of the body containing the sense organs and 
the brain.")

(subclass Neck AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Neck BodyPart)
(documentation Neck "The part of the body that connects the &%Head to the 
rest of the body.")

(=>
   (instance ?NECK Neck)
   (exists (?HEAD)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAD Head)
         (connected ?NECK ?HEAD))))

(subclass Face AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Face BodyPart)
(documentation Face "The part of the &%Head from forehead to chin and 
from ear to ear.")

(=>
   (instance ?FACE Face)
   (exists (?HEAD)
      (and
         (instance ?HEAD Head)
         (part ?FACE ?HEAD))))

(=>
   (instance ?FACE Face)
   (exists (?VERTEBRATE)
      (and
         (instance ?VERTEBRATE Vertebrate)
         (part ?FACE ?VERTEBRATE))))

(subclass Chin AnimalAnatomicalStructure)
(subclass Chin BodyPart)
(documentation Chin "A part of the &%Face which protrudes slightly and which 
is lower than all other parts of the &%Face.")

(=>
   (instance ?CHIN Chin)
   (exists (?FACE)
      (and
         (instance ?FACE Face)
         (part ?CHIN ?FACE))))

(=>
   (instance ?CHIN Chin)
   (forall (?PART)
      (=>
         (and
            (part ?PART ?FACE)
            (not (part ?PART ?CHIN)))
         (orientation ?PART ?CHIN Below))))
   

(partition Expressing Gesture ExpressingInLanguage)
(disjointDecomposition Expressing ExpressingApproval ExpressingDisapproval)

(subclass ExpressingApproval Expressing)
(documentation ExpressingApproval "&%Expressing favor about a physical thing 
or a state of affairs.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EXPRESS ExpressingApproval)
      (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?EXPRESS ?THING))
   (or
      (wants ?AGENT ?THING)
      (desires ?AGENT ?THING)))

(subclass ExpressingDisapproval Expressing)
(documentation ExpressingDisapproval "&%Expressing disfavor about a physical 
thing or a state of affairs.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EXPRESS ExpressingDisapproval)
      (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT)
      (patient ?EXPRESS ?THING))
   (or
      (dislikes ?AGENT ?THING)
      (disapproves ?AGENT ?THING)))

(subclass Gesture Expressing)
(subclass Gesture BodyMotion)
(documentation Gesture "Any &%BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the 
head, a smile, which expresses a &%StateOfMind.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?GESTURE Gesture)
      (agent ?GESTURE ?AGENT))
   (exists (?STATE)
      (and
         (instance ?STATE StateOfMind)
         (attribute ?AGENT ?STATE)
         (represents ?GESTURE ?STATE))))

(subclass FacialExpression Gesture)
(documentation FacialExpression "Any &%Gesture whose &%instrument is the &%Face.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?EXPRESS FacialExpression)
      (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT))
   (exists (?FACE)
      (and
         (part ?FACE ?AGENT)
         (instance ?FACE Face)
         (instrument ?EXPRESS ?FACE))))

(subclass Smiling FacialExpression)
(documentation Smiling "Spreading the lips in such a way as to convey 
happiness.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?SMILE Smiling)
      (agent ?SMILE ?AGENT))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?SMILE) (attribute ?AGENT Happiness)))

(subclass Frowning FacialExpression)
(documentation Frowning "Furrowing the forehead in such a way as to convey 
unhappiness.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?FROWN Frowning)
      (agent ?FROWN ?AGENT))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?FROWN) (attribute ?AGENT Unhappiness)))

(subclass Laughing Vocalizing)
(subclass Laughing FacialExpression)
(documentation Laughing "Expressing happiness by &%Vocalizing in a 
certain way.")

(=>
   (instance ?LAUGH Laughing)
   (exists (?SMILE)
      (and
         (instance ?SMILE Smiling)
         (subProcess ?SMILE ?LAUGH))))

(subclass Weeping FacialExpression)
(documentation Weeping "&%Expressing unhappiness by shedding tears.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WEEP Weeping)
      (agent ?WEEP ?AGENT))
   (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?WEEP) (attribute ?AGENT Unhappiness))) 

(subclass Nodding Gesture)
(documentation Nodding "Moving the &%Head up and down or side to side 
to indicate approval or disapproval.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?NOD Nodding)
      (patient ?NOD ?HEAD))
   (instance ?HEAD Head))

(subclass Waving Gesture)
(documentation Waving "Moving a &%Hand to indicate a greeting, farewell, 
recognition, goodwill, etc.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?WAVE Waving)
      (patient ?WAVE ?HAND))
   (instance ?HAND Hand))

(subclass Bowing Gesture)
(subclass Bowing MotionDownward)
(documentation Bowing "Any downward motion of the body that indicates respect 
for or submission to another &%Agent.")

(subclass Ducking IntentionalProcess)
(subclass Ducking BodyMotion)
(subclass Ducking MotionDownward)
(documentation Ducking "Purposely moving one's body downward in such a way as 
to avoid being hit by something.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?MOTION Ducking)
      (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))
   (hasPurpose ?MOTION (not (exists (?IMPACT)
                          (and
                             (instance ?IMPACT Impacting)
                             (patient ?IMPACT ?AGENT))))))

(subclass ExpressingInLanguage Expressing)
(subclass ExpressingInLanguage LinguisticCommunication)
(documentation ExpressingInLanguage "Any instance of &%Expressing that is also an 
instance of &%LinguisticCommunication, e.g. thanking someone, expressing condolence, 
expressing disapproval with an utterance rather than a &%Gesture, etc.")

(subclass Thanking ExpressingInLanguage)
(documentation Thanking "Any &%ExpressingInLanguage of appreciation to a person 
for something that the person did in the past.")

(=>
   (and
      (instance ?THANK Thanking)
      (agent ?THANK ?AGENT)
      (patient ?THANK ?THING)
      (destination ?THANK ?PERSON))
   (and
      (instance ?PERSON Human)
      (or
         (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?THANK) (wants ?AGENT ?THING))
         (holdsDuring (WhenFn ?THANK) (desires ?AGENT ?THING)))))

(subclass Greeting Expressing)
(documentation Greeting "Any instance of &%Expressing an acknowledgment of a 
person's arrival.  Note that this class is not a subclass of &%ExpressingInLanguage, 
because it covers gestures of greeting, e.g. &%Waving and &%Nodding in certain 
circumstances.")

(subrelation half part)
(documentation half "(&%half ?HALF ?WHOLE) means that ?HALF is one half 
of ?WHOLE.")

(=>
   (half ?HALF ?WHOLE)
   (exists (?OTHER)
      (and
         (half ?OTHER ?WHOLE)
         (not (equal ?OTHER ?HALF))
         (equal ?WHOLE (MereologicalSumFn ?HALF ?OTHER)))))

(subrelation most part)
(documentation most "(&%most ?MOST ?WHOLE) means that ?MOST is a &%part 
of ?WHOLE that is greater than &%half of ?WHOLE.")

(=>
   (most ?MOST ?WHOLE)
   (exists (?HALF ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT)
      (and
         (half ?HALF ?WHOLE)
         (measure ?HALF (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT))
         (measure ?MOST (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT))
         (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))))

(subclass Blueprint Icon)
(documentation Blueprint "An &%Icon which is a scale model of an &%Artifact, 
whether the &%Artifact actually exists or not.")

(=>
   (instance ?PLAN Blueprint)
   (exists (?ARTIFACT)
      (and
         (instance ?ARTIFACT Artifact)
         (represents ?PLAN ?ARTIFACT))))

(subclass Graph Icon)
(documentation Graph "An &%Icon which depicts one or more quantities.")

(=>
   (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
   (exists (?QUANTITY)
      (and
         (instance ?QUANTITY PhysicalQuantity)
         (refers ?GRAPH ?QUANTITY))))

(subclass Flag Icon)
(documentation Flag "An &%Icon made of &%Fabric that refers to a particular 
&%GeopoliticalArea.")

(=>
   (instance ?FLAG Flag)
   (exists (?FABRIC)
      (and
         (instance ?FABRIC Fabric)
         (part ?FABRIC ?FLAG))))

(=>
   (instance ?FLAG Flag)
   (exists (?AREA)
      (and
         (instance ?AREA GeopoliticalArea)
         (refers ?FLAG ?AREA))))

(subclass ArrowIcon Icon)
(documentation ArrowIcon "An &%Icon which has the shape of an arrow and which 
is used to indicate direction or a relationship betwee two things.")

(subclass Photograph Icon)
(documentation Photograph "An &%Icon that is the result of a process of 
&%Photographing.")

(subclass Photographing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Photographing "&%ContentDevelopment where the &%instrument 
is a camera and the &%result is a &%Photograph.")

(=>
   (instance ?SHOOT Photographing)
   (exists (?PHOTO)
      (and
         (instance ?PHOTO Photograph)
         (result ?SHOOT ?PHOTO)
         (instrument ?SHOOT ?CAMERA)
         (instance ?CAMERA Camera))))

(subclass Camera Device)
(documentation Camera "A &%Device which is capable of &%Photographing.")

(=>
   (instance ?CAMERA Camera)
   (capability Photographing instrument ?CAMERA))

(subclass Composing ContentDevelopment)
(documentation Composing "&%ContentDevelopment which results in a 
&%MusicalComposition.")

(=>
   (instance ?COMPOSE Composing)
   (exists (?MUSIC)
      (and
         (instance ?MUSIC MusicalComposition)
         (result ?COMPOSE ?MUSIC)))) 

(subclass TonMass MassMeasure)
(instance TonMass UnitOfMeasure)
(documentation TonMass "English mass unit that is equal to 2000 pounds.")

(=>
   (instance ?NUMBER RealNumber)
   (equal
        (MeasureFn ?NUMBER TonMass)
        (MeasureFn (MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER 2000) PoundMass)))

(subclass Page InformationMeasure)
(