; Sat May 03 16:18:24 EDT 2003 ; ;+ (version "1.8") ;+ (build "Build 981") (defclass %3ACLIPS_TOP_LEVEL_SLOT_CLASS (is-a USER) (role concrete) (single-slot copy ;+ (comment "relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the &%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot length ;+ (comment "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes LengthMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SkinFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin of the &%Hole. The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Hole's principal host (see &%PrincipalHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot relatedInternalConcept ;+ (comment "Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate &%relatedExternalConcept.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RemainderFn ;+ (comment "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PredecessorFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot greaterThan ;+ (comment "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot beforeOrEqual ;+ (comment "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot relatedExternalConcept ;+ (comment "Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SeriesVolumeFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot YearFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar &%Year. For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, &%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Year) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EndNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subProcess ;+ (comment "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Process) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot measure ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be an instance of the &%Function &%MeasureFn.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PhysicalQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ExtensionFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the &%Class.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot GraphPathFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two &%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot InitialNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc. Notethat this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BackFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AbstractionFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the &%Class.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot successorAttributeClosure ;+ (comment "The transitive closure of &%successorAttribute. (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporalPart ;+ (comment "The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part predicate. (&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since &%temporalPart is a &%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a &%temporalPart of itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePosition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SUO-name (type STRING) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot believes ;+ (comment "The epistemic predicate of belief. (&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntersectionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two %SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot disjoint ;+ (comment "&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn tothem is empty.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SuccessorFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot exists ;+ (comment "The existential quantifier of predicate logic.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot pathLength ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath.(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the &%GraphPath ?PATH.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subAttribute ;+ (comment "Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot equivalenceRelationOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is an &%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a &%SymmetricRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subProposition ;+ (comment "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks of abstract content.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Proposition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot decreasesLikelihood ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot domainSubclass ;+ (comment "&%Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of &%Predicates. The formula (&%domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WhereFn ;+ (comment "Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the &%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that &%TimePoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot NumeratorFn ;+ (comment "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot greaterThanOrEqualTo ;+ (comment "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SignumFn ;+ (comment "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot earlier ;+ (comment "(earlier INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that INTERVAL1 ends before INTERVAL2 begins.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntervalFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%ConstantQuantities to the &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first &%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity. For example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ConstantQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot material ;+ (comment "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor. Compare &%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CorpuscularObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot connected ;+ (comment "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 &%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holdsObligation ;+ (comment "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot DivisionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 = 1, in which case (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ReciprocalFn ;+ (comment "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TangentFn ;+ (comment "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AdditionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these numbers.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TimeIntervalFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints. Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot or ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of disjunction.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot FrontFn (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot connectedEngineeringComponents ;+ (comment "This is the most general connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents. If (&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation &%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an &%IrreflexiveRelation; no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes EngineeringComponent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot starts ;+ (comment "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot considers ;+ (comment "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinimalWeightedPathFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot authors ;+ (comment "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot origin ;+ (comment "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the &%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inList ;+ (comment "The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists. (&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasPurposeForAgent ;+ (comment "Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this &%Predicate.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holds ;+ (comment "(holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of the &%Relation P.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot wants ;+ (comment "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot smaller ;+ (comment "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot confersObligation ;+ (comment "Expresses the relationship between a a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EndFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinimalCutSetFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphPath) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot LogFn ;+ (comment "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot DenominatorFn ;+ (comment "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ComplementFn ;+ (comment "The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is the &%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subCollection ;+ (comment "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Collection) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot notices ;+ (comment "(&%notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT is paying attention to ?OBJECT, that ?OBJECT is currently the object of ?AGENT's conscious awareness.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MaximalWeightedPathFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot conditionalProbability ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. &%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional probability. (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hole ;+ (comment "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a &%Hole in ?OBJ. A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the &%surface an &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holdsRight ;+ (comment "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot element ;+ (comment "(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET. An &%Entity can be an &%element of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Set) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot instance ;+ (comment "An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if it is included in that &%SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot valence ;+ (comment "Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of &%VariableArityRelation. For example, &%holds is a &%VariableArityRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot links ;+ (comment "a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the &%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot properlyFills ;+ (comment "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that &%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot lessThan ;+ (comment "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot father ;+ (comment "The general relationship of fatherhood. (&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological fatherof ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot possesses ;+ (comment "&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PicoFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%PicoFn &%Ampere) is .000000000001 &%Amperes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot graphPart ;+ (comment "A basic relation for &%Graphs and their parts. (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Graph) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CosineFn ;+ (comment "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporallyBetweenOrEqual ;+ (comment "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot needs ;+ (comment "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot mother ;+ (comment "The general relationship of motherhood. (&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RationalNumberFn ;+ (comment "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RationalNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot publishes ;+ (comment "(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot prefers ;+ (comment "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PeriodicalIssueFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding to the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RelativeTimeFn ;+ (comment "A means of converting &%TimePositions between different &%TimeZones. (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE. For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Hour) &%EasternTimeZone) would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%Hour).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeZone) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PowerSetFn ;+ (comment "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot path ;+ (comment "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Region) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TemporalCompositionFn ;+ (comment "The basic &%Function for expressing the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals. For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September, (&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot age ;+ (comment "Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot closedOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporallyBetween ;+ (comment "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot located ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is situated at ?OBJ, in some sense. The &%Predicates &%located and &%time are spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot patient ;+ (comment "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients. Note that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the &%Process. The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SubtractionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot VelocityFn ;+ (comment "Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed and the direction of the speed. For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile) (&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CeilingFn ;+ (comment "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest &%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot duration ;+ (comment "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this &%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MultiplicationFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product of these numbers.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot FloorFn ;+ (comment "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot finishes ;+ (comment "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot before ;+ (comment "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3AArg4 ;+ (comment "The fourth argument of a quaternary or higher-arity slot.") (type SYMBOL) ;+ (allowed-parents) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) ;+ (associated-facet SUMO148_00001) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot rangeSubclass ;+ (comment "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot manner (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AbsoluteValueFn ;+ (comment "The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeRealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PathWeightFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in the &%GraphPath.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalProductFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasPurpose ;+ (comment "This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of &%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RoundFn ;+ (comment "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two &%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EditionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ContentBearingObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inverse ;+ (comment "The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes BinaryRelation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot successorAttribute ;+ (comment "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot larger ;+ (comment "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot capability ;+ (comment "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of type ?PROCESS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CaseRole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot cooccur ;+ (comment "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the &%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Physical) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MilliFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MilliFn &%Ampere) is .001 &%Amperes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inScopeOfInterest ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate. (&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListOrderFn ;+ (comment "(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the value &%Tuesday.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot partlyLocated ;+ (comment "The predicate of partial localization. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia. Note that this is the most basic localization relation: &%located and &%exactlyLocated are both subrelations of &%partlyLocated.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Region) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot editor ;+ (comment "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PropertyFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the &%Set of &%Property owned by the &%Agent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Set) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot date ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a &%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Day) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MegaFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot causes ;+ (comment "The causation relation between instances of &%Process. (&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causes &%Killing &%Death).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Process) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot trichotomizingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MagnitudeFn ;+ (comment "The magnitude of a &%ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts a &%ConstantQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary &%RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2 &%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3D%3E ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of implication.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subrelation ;+ (comment "A &%Relation R is a &%subrelation &%Relation R' if R is a &%subclass R'. This implies that every tuple of R is also a tuple of R'. Again, if R holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then R' holds for the same arguments. Thus, a &%Relation and its subrelation must have the same valence. In CycL, &%subrelation is called #$genlPreds.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Relation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PastFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at &%NegativeInfinity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot lessThanOrEqualTo ;+ (comment "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot property ;+ (comment "This &%Predicate holds between an instance of &%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot and ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of conjunction.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot exhaustiveDecomposition ;+ (comment "An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.)") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subList ;+ (comment "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both &%Lists.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot identityElement ;+ (comment "An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListConcatenateFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that returns the concatenation of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of (&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday &%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot partition ;+ (comment "A &%partition of a class C is a set of \nmutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. \nEvery instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses \nin the partition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot partialOrderingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinFn ;+ (comment "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MinFn returns one of its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot HourFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (&%HourFn 24 &%Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Day) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot uses ;+ (comment "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles &%agent and &%instrument.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot independentProbability ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ExponentiationFn ;+ (comment "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot employs ;+ (comment "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ProbabilityFn (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ImmediateFutureFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately follows the &%TimePosition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot refers ;+ (comment "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot representsInLanguage ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the &%instance of &%Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language ?LANGUAGE.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MicroFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot monetaryValue ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an &%Object with its value expressed as an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CurrencyMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PerFn ;+ (comment "&%PerFn maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn &%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ConstantQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot agent ;+ (comment "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the &%agent of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline. For another example, Eve is an &%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot citizen ;+ (comment "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the &%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Nation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot time ;+ (comment "This relation holds between an instance of &%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. The constants &%located and &%time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePosition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot containsInformation ;+ (comment "A subrelation of &%represents. This predicate relates a &%ContentBearingObject to the &%Proposition that is expressed by the &%ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Proposition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot UnionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the union of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an &%element of the union of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListLengthFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the &%List. For example, (&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value 3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot desires ;+ (comment "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot developmentalForm ;+ (comment "(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DevelopmentalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot range ;+ (comment "Gives the range of a function. In other words, (&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot traverses ;+ (comment "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that &%crosses and &%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinuteFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hour) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CardinalityFn ;+ (comment "(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the &%SetOrClass or &%Collection ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Number) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot modalAttribute ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a &%Proposition. (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and (&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NormativeAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot fills ;+ (comment "Holes can be filled. (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that &%fills here means perfectly filled.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot increasesLikelihood ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WhenFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or &%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot expressedInLanguage ;+ (comment "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that ?EXPRESS is expressed in &%Language ?LANG.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Language) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot KappaFn ;+ (comment "A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying &%KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BeginFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inhabits ;+ (comment "A very basic notion of living within something else. (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntegerSquareRootFn ;+ (comment "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ImaginaryPartFn ;+ (comment "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ImaginaryNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot distributes ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes BinaryFunction) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot attribute ;+ (comment "(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot engineeringSubcomponent ;+ (comment "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a &%properPart ?SUPER. This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes EngineeringComponent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalDifferenceFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AssignmentFn ;+ (comment "If F is a function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then the term (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) denotes the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot confersRight ;+ (comment "Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot between ;+ (comment "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot DayFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Month) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot frequency ;+ (comment "(frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the &%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot GigaFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subclass ;+ (comment "(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot connects ;+ (comment "The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot distance ;+ (comment "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Physical) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot arcWeight ;+ (comment "This predicate indicates the value of a &%GraphArc in a &%Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot surface ;+ (comment "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some &%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TeraFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MeasureFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units. It is used for expressing &%ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ImmediatePastFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CutSetFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphPath) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot faces ;+ (comment "(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DirectionalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TerminalNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SineFn ;+ (comment "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RelativeComplementFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses. More precisely, the relative complement of one class C1 relative to another C2 consists of the instances of C1 that are instances of the &%ComplementFn of C2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MaxFn ;+ (comment "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot documentation ;+ (comment "A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of &%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.") (type STRING) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot irreflexiveOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot representsForAgent ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%representsForAgent ?THING ?ENTITY ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use the &%instance of &%Physical ?THING to 'stand for' ?ENTITY.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot FutureFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at &%PositiveInfinity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot reflexiveOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot equal ;+ (comment "(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot entails ;+ (comment "The operator of logical entailment. (&%entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot overlapsTemporally ;+ (comment "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RealNumberFn ;+ (comment "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot totalOrderingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot NanoFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001 &%SecondDurations.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasSkill ;+ (comment "Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/demonstrated to some measurable degree.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holdsDuring ;+ (comment "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a &%temporalPart of ?TIME.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot experiencer ;+ (comment "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot meetsTemporally ;+ (comment "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SquareRootFn ;+ (comment "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Number) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot sibling ;+ (comment "The relationship between two &%Organisms that have the same &%mother and &%father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subsumesContentInstance ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingObject. (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than &%Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ContentBearingObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot domain ;+ (comment "Provides a computationally and heuristicallyconvenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argumenttypes is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a &%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3AArg3 ;+ (comment "THe third argument of a higher-arity relation") (type SYMBOL) ;+ (allowed-parents Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) ;+ (associated-facet SUMO148_00000) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot destination ;+ (comment "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot direction ;+ (comment "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the &%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving &%North.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DirectionalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PrincipalHostFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the &%Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a &%Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot forall ;+ (comment "The universal quantifier of predicate logic.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot knows ;+ (comment "The epistemic predicate of knowing. (&%knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this &%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BeginNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot occupiesPosition ;+ (comment "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG. For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector &%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Position) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot familyRelation ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate for biological relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SecondFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour. For another example, (&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Minute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3C%3D%3E ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of bi-implication.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalSumFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot parent ;+ (comment "The general relationship of parenthood. (&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subGraph ;+ (comment "The relation between two &%Graphs when one &%Graph is a part of the other. (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Graph) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot disjointDecomposition ;+ (comment "A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot not ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of negation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot KiloFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WealthFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a &%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent. Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the &%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CurrencyMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass TernarySlot "A slot that has three arguments. It is implemented here by adding a slot to this class, Arg3. This slot can only take a fixed class value, and only serves to record the clas restriciton, it canot be used to instantiate the relation. Other workarounds can be used to better represent higher-arity relatrions, but at the expense of greater complexity in viewing the relations." (is-a %3ASTANDARD-SLOT) (role concrete) (single-slot %3AArg3 ;+ (comment "THe third argument of a higher-arity relation") (type SYMBOL) ;+ (allowed-parents Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass QuaternarySlot "A slot that has four arguments. It is implemented here by adding a slot,, Arg4, to the ternarySlot class. This slot can only take a fixed class value, and only serves to record the clas restriciton, it canot be used to instantiate the relation. Other workarounds can be used to better represent higher-arity relatrions, but at the expense of greater complexity in viewing the relations." (is-a TernarySlot) (role concrete) (single-slot %3AArg4 ;+ (comment "The fourth argument of a quaternary or higher-arity slot.") (type SYMBOL) ;+ (allowed-parents) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Entity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny entity." (is-a USER) (role concrete) (single-slot SUO-name (type STRING) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot property ;+ (comment "This &%Predicate holds between an instance of &%Entity and an instance of &%Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the &%Attribute ?ATTR.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inList ;+ (comment "The analog of &%element and &%instance for &%Lists. (&%inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%inList &%Tuesday (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would be true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot relatedInternalConcept ;+ (comment "Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate &%relatedExternalConcept.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot equal ;+ (comment "(equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot element ;+ (comment "(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the &%Set ?SET. An &%Entity can be an &%element of another &%Entity only if the latter is a &%Set.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Set) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot instance ;+ (comment "An object is an &%instance of a &%SetOrClass if it is included in that &%SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of &%instance about specificity or uniqueness.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot documentation ;+ (comment "A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of &%documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.") (type STRING) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Physical "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time." (is-a Entity) (role concrete) (single-slot date ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies a &%TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular &%Object or &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Day) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasPurpose ;+ (comment "This &%Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (&%hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of &%Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the &%Predicates &%hasPurpose and &%result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WhenFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Object or &%Process to the exact &%TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every &%TimePoint ?TIME outside of the &%TimeInterval (WhenFn ?THING), (time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot located ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is situated at ?OBJ, in some sense. The &%Predicates &%located and &%time are spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot time ;+ (comment "This relation holds between an instance of &%Physical and an instance of &%TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. The constants &%located and &%time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePosition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WhereFn ;+ (comment "Maps an &%Object and a &%TimePoint at which the &%Object exists to the &%Region where the &%Object existed at that &%TimePoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot representsForAgent ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%representsForAgent ?THING ?ENTITY ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use the &%instance of &%Physical ?THING to 'stand for' ?ENTITY.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot cooccur ;+ (comment "(&%cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the &%Object or &%Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the &%Object or &%Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Physical) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasPurposeForAgent ;+ (comment "Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (&%hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this &%Predicate.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot distance ;+ (comment "(&%distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Physical) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot refers ;+ (comment "(&%refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that &%refers is more general in meaning than &%represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot representsInLanguage ;+ (comment "A very general predicate. (&%representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the &%instance of &%Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language ?LANGUAGE.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Object "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nCorresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of &%Processes, the complement of &%Objects in the &%Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an &%Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis." (is-a Physical) (role concrete) (single-slot connected ;+ (comment "(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 &%meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 &%overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot length ;+ (comment "&%BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an &%Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates &%length and &%distance is that the &%length is used to state the &%LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while &%distance is used to state the &%LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes LengthMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot copy ;+ (comment "relates an &%Object to an exact copy of the &%Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot monetaryValue ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that associates an &%Object with its value expressed as an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CurrencyMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot between ;+ (comment "(between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot age ;+ (comment "Simply relates an &%Object to a &%ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot properlyFills ;+ (comment "(&%properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that &%properlyFills is the dual of &%completelyFills, and is so related to &%partiallyFills that ?OBJ &%properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ &%partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot measure ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate for asserting that a particular &%Object is measured by a particular &%ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this &%Predicate will be an instance of the &%Function &%MeasureFn.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PhysicalQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot traverses ;+ (comment "(&%traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that &%crosses and &%penetrates are subrelations of &%traverses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot smaller ;+ (comment "(&%smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot fills ;+ (comment "Holes can be filled. (&%fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the &%Object ?OBJ fills the &%Hole ?HOLE. Note that &%fills here means perfectly filled.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot faces ;+ (comment "(&%faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see &%FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see &%BackFn).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DirectionalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalProductFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot uses ;+ (comment "(&%uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified &%Process. This &%Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the &%CaseRoles &%agent and &%instrument.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot larger ;+ (comment "(&%larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all &%LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalSumFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to either ?OBJ1 or ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot attribute ;+ (comment "(&%attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a &%Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (&%attribute &%MyLittleRedWagon &%Red).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot partlyLocated ;+ (comment "The predicate of partial localization. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia. Note that this is the most basic localization relation: &%located and &%exactlyLocated are both subrelations of &%partlyLocated.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Region) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MereologicalDifferenceFn ;+ (comment "(&%MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the &%Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass SelfConnectedObject "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SelfConnectedObject is any &%Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts." (is-a Object) (role concrete) (single-slot FrontFn (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot connects ;+ (comment "The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (&%connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (&%connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (&%connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BackFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that maps an &%Object to the side that is opposite the &%FrontFn of the &%Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some &%Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the &%range of this &%Function is indefinite in much the way that &%ImmediateFutureFn and &%ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot surface ;+ (comment "(&%surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected &%superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some &%SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Substance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a &%Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a &%Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water." (is-a SelfConnectedObject) (role concrete) (single-slot material ;+ (comment "(&%material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a &%material of my computer monitor. Compare &%part and its subrelations, viz &%component and &%piece.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CorpuscularObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass PureSubstance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Substances with constant composition. A &%PureSubstance can be either an element (&%ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (&%CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2)." (is-a Substance) (role concrete)) (defclass ElementalSubstance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more &%Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. &%ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). &%ElementalSubstances are the simplest &%PureSubstances." (is-a PureSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Metal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Metal is an &%ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80% of the known chemical elements (&%ElementalSubstances) are metals." (is-a ElementalSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Atom "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an &%AtomicNucleus and &%Electrons surrounding the &%AtomicNucleus." (is-a ElementalSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass SubatomicParticle "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe class of &%ElementalSubstances that are smaller than &%Atoms and compose &%Atoms." (is-a ElementalSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass AtomicNucleus "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe core of the &%Atom. It is composed of &%Protons and &%Neutrons." (is-a SubatomicParticle) (role concrete)) (defclass Electron "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%SubatomicParticles that surround the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge." (is-a SubatomicParticle) (role concrete)) (defclass Proton "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nComponents of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge." (is-a SubatomicParticle) (role concrete)) (defclass Neutron "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nComponents of the &%AtomicNucleus. They have no charge." (is-a SubatomicParticle) (role concrete)) (defclass CompoundSubstance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Substances that contain two or more elements (&%ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). " (is-a PureSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Water "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of samples of the compound H20. Note that this &%Class covers both pure and impure &%Water." (is-a CompoundSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Molecule "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a &%CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more &%Atoms linked by a chemical bond." (is-a CompoundSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Mixture "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Mixture is two or more &%PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a &%Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. " (is-a Substance) (role concrete)) (defclass Solution "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water." (is-a Mixture) (role concrete)) (defclass Mineral "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral." (is-a Mixture) (role concrete)) (defclass BodySubstance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nExtracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an &%Organism. Included here are &%Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid." (is-a Mixture) (role concrete)) (defclass Blood "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA fluid present in &%Animals that transports &%Nutrients to and waste products away from various &%BodyParts." (is-a BodySubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Tissue "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn aggregation of similarly specialized &%Cells and the associated intercellular substance. &%Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to &%BodyParts, &%Organs or &%Organ components. The main features of &%Tissues are self-connectivity (see &%SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of &%Tissue as well)." (is-a BodySubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Bone "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nRigid &%Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of &%Vertebrates. Note that this &%Class also includes teeth." (is-a Tissue) (role concrete)) (defclass Muscle "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nNonrigid &%Tissue appearing only in &%Animals and composed largely of contractile cells." (is-a Tissue) (role concrete)) (defclass FatTissue "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nNonrigid &%Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells." (is-a Tissue) (role concrete)) (defclass BiologicallyActiveSubstance "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an &%Organism. This &%Class includes &%Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This &%Class also includes &%Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes &%Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity." (is-a Substance) (role concrete)) (defclass Nutrient "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance produced or required by an &%Organism, of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the &%Organism." (is-a BiologicallyActiveSubstance CompoundSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass Protein "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds." (is-a Nutrient) (role concrete)) (defclass Enzyme "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA complex &%Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases." (is-a Protein) (role concrete)) (defclass Carbohydrate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn element of living cells and a source of energy for &%Animals. This class includes both simple &%Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex &%Carbohydrates, i.e. starches." (is-a Nutrient) (role concrete)) (defclass Vitamin "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of &%Humans and other higher &%Animals. Included here are &%Vitamin precursors and provitamins." (is-a Nutrient) (role concrete)) (defclass Hormone "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nIn &%Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. &%Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the &%Class &%BiologicallyActiveSubstance. &%Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones." (is-a BodySubstance BiologicallyActiveSubstance) (role concrete)) (defclass CorpuscularObject "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole." (is-a SelfConnectedObject) (role concrete)) (defclass OrganicObject "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis class encompasses &%Organisms, &%CorpuscularObjects that are parts of &%Organisms, i.e. &%BodyParts, and &%CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies." (is-a CorpuscularObject) (role concrete)) (defclass AnatomicalStructure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an &%Organism. This class covers &%BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by &%Organisms, e.g. &%ReproductiveBodies." (is-a OrganicObject) (role concrete)) (defclass ReproductiveBody "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nReproductive structure of &%Organisms. Consists of an &%Embryonic &%Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and &%FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by &%Animals." (is-a AnatomicalStructure) (role concrete)) (defclass BodyPart "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA collection of &%Cells and &%Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an &%Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this &%Class range from gross structures to small components of complex &%Organs." (is-a AnatomicalStructure) (role concrete)) (defclass BodyCovering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%BodyPart which is a covering of another &%BodyPart or of an entire &%Organism. This would include the rinds of &%FruitOrVegetables and the skins of &%Animals." (is-a BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass BodyJunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe place where two &%BodyParts meet or connect." (is-a BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass BodyVessel "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an &%Organism and through which a &%BodySubstance can circulate." (is-a BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass Cell "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe fundamental structural and functional unit of living &%Organisms." (is-a BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass Organ "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA somewhat independent &%BodyPart that performs a specialized function." (is-a BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass Gland "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organ that removes &%Substances from the &%Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them." (is-a Organ) (role concrete)) (defclass Artifact "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%CorpuscularObject that is the product of a &%Making." (is-a CorpuscularObject) (role concrete)) (defclass Product "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Artifact that is produced by &%Manufacture and that is intended to be sold." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass StationaryArtifact "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%StationaryArtifact is an &%Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this &%Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass Building "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe Class of &%StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house &%Humans and their activities." (is-a StationaryArtifact) (role concrete)) (defclass Room "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%properPart of a &%Building which is separated from the exterior of the &%Building and/or other &%Rooms of the &%Building by walls. Some &%Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc." (is-a StationaryArtifact) (role concrete)) (defclass ArtWork "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this &%Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under &%StationaryArtifact." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass Fabric "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of &%Animals. Note that this &%Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, &%Clothing is not a &%subclass of &%Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass Clothing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of &%Humans." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass Device "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Device is an &%Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an &%instrument in a specific type of task." (is-a Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass MusicalInstrument "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Device which is manipulated by a &%Human and whose purpose is to produce &%Music." (is-a Device) (role concrete)) (defclass TransportationDevice "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%TransportationDevice is a &%Device which serves as the &%instrument in a &%Transportation &%Process which carries the &%patient of the &%Process from one point to another." (is-a Device) (role concrete)) (defclass Weapon "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy &%Humans/&%Animals, &%StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by &%Humans/&%Animals." (is-a Device) (role concrete)) (defclass EngineeringComponent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An &%EngineeringComponent is an element of a &%Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen &%EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that &%EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an &%EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity." (is-a Device) (role concrete) (single-slot connectedEngineeringComponents ;+ (comment "This is the most general connection relation between &%EngineeringComponents. If (&%connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an &%engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation &%connectedEngineeringComponents is a &%SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an &%IrreflexiveRelation; no &%EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes EngineeringComponent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot engineeringSubcomponent ;+ (comment "(&%engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the &%EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a &%properPart ?SUPER. This relation is an &%AsymmetricRelation, since two &%EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes EngineeringComponent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass ContentBearingObject "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%SelfConnectedObject that expresses information." (is-a SelfConnectedObject) (role concrete) (single-slot containsInformation ;+ (comment "A subrelation of &%represents. This predicate relates a &%ContentBearingObject to the &%Proposition that is expressed by the &%ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Proposition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subsumesContentInstance ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate relating two instances of &%ContentBearingObject. (&%subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than &%Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between &%Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation &%subsumesContentClass should be used.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ContentBearingObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EditionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ContentBearingObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass SymbolicString "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of alphanumeric sequences." (is-a ContentBearingObject) (role concrete) (single-slot relatedExternalConcept ;+ (comment "Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot KappaFn ;+ (comment "A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying &%KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the &%SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the &%SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Character "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a &%Character may or may not be part of a &%Language. &%Character is a subclass of &%SymbolicString, because every instance of &%Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element." (is-a SymbolicString) (role concrete)) (defclass Icon "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis is the subclass of &%ContentBearingObjects which are not part of a &%Language and which have some sort of similarity with the &%Objects that they represent. This &%Class would include symbolic roadway signs, 'icons' in a graphical computer operating system, etc." (is-a ContentBearingObject) (role concrete)) (defclass LinguisticExpression "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis is the subclass of &%ContentBearingObjects which are language-related. Note that this &%Class encompasses both &%Language and the the elements of &%Languages, e.g. &%Words." (is-a ContentBearingObject) (role concrete) (single-slot expressedInLanguage ;+ (comment "(&%expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that ?EXPRESS is expressed in &%Language ?LANG.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Language) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Language "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people." (is-a LinguisticExpression) (role concrete)) (defclass AnimalLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Animals other than &%Humans." (is-a Language) (role concrete)) (defclass ArtificialLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Languages that are designed by &%Humans." (is-a Language) (role concrete)) (defclass ComputerLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe class of &%Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer." (is-a ArtificialLanguage) (role concrete)) (defclass HumanLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Languages used by &%Humans." (is-a Language) (role concrete) (single-slot citizen ;+ (comment "(&%citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the &%Human ?PERSON is a citizen of &%Nation ?NATION.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Nation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot occupiesPosition ;+ (comment "(&%occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the &%Position ?POSITION at &%Organization ?ORG. For example, (&%occupiesPosition &%TomSmith &%ResearchDirector &%AcmeLaboratory) means that &%TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Position) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass ConstructedLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages that did not originate diachronically, but were designed by a &%Human. This &%Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication." (is-a HumanLanguage ArtificialLanguage) (role concrete)) (defclass NaturalLanguage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This &%Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages." (is-a HumanLanguage) (role concrete)) (defclass Word "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA term of a &%Language that represents a concept." (is-a LinguisticExpression) (role concrete)) (defclass Noun "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Objects." (is-a Word) (role concrete)) (defclass Verb "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Processes." (is-a Word) (role concrete)) (defclass Adjective "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Objects." (is-a Word) (role concrete)) (defclass Adverb "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne of the parts of speech. The &%Class of &%Words that conventionally denote &%Attributes of &%Processes." (is-a Word) (role concrete)) (defclass Particle "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn umbrella &%Class for any &%Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of &%Word. A &%Particle is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class &%Particle includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc." (is-a Word) (role concrete)) (defclass Morpheme "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nPart of a &%Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning." (is-a LinguisticExpression) (role concrete)) (defclass Phrase "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA set of &%Words in a &%Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the &%Language." (is-a LinguisticExpression) (role concrete)) (defclass VerbPhrase "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Verb." (is-a Phrase) (role concrete)) (defclass NounPhrase "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Phrase that has the same function as a &%Noun." (is-a Phrase) (role concrete)) (defclass PrepositionalPhrase "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an &%Adjective or an &%Adverb." (is-a Phrase) (role concrete)) (defclass Text "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Sentence or set of &%Sentences that perform a specific function related to &%Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic." (is-a LinguisticExpression Artifact) (role concrete)) (defclass MotionPicture "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ContentBearingObject which depicts motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This &%Class covers films, videos, etc." (is-a Text) (role concrete) (single-slot path ;+ (comment "(&%path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Region) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Book "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Text that has pages and is bound." (is-a Text) (role concrete)) (defclass Summary "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA short &%Text that is a summary of another, longer &%Text." (is-a Text) (role concrete)) (defclass Article "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn article in a &%Book or &%Series." (is-a Text) (role concrete)) (defclass Certificate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the &%Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world." (is-a Text) (role concrete)) (defclass Patent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity." (is-a Certificate) (role concrete)) (defclass Sentence "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA syntactically well-formed formula of a &%Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a &%Proposition." (is-a LinguisticExpression) (role concrete)) (defclass Formula "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language." (is-a Sentence) (role concrete) (single-slot holdsRight ;+ (comment "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot confersRight ;+ (comment "Expresses the relationship between a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity authorizes the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3D%3E ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of implication.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot and ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of conjunction.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot independentProbability ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot decreasesLikelihood ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ProbabilityFn (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot entails ;+ (comment "The operator of logical entailment. (&%entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holdsObligation ;+ (comment "Expresses a relationship between a &%Formula and a &%CognitiveAgent whereby the &%CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot or ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of disjunction.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot confersObligation ;+ (comment "Expresses the relationship between a a &%Formula, an &%Entity, and a &%CognitiveAgent when the &%Entity obligates the &%CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the &%Formula is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot modalAttribute ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a &%Proposition. (&%modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the &%Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the &%NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (&%modalAttribute (&%exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (&%and (&%instance ?ACT &%Giving) (&%agent ?ACT John) (&%patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (&%destination ?ACT Tom))) &%Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NormativeAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot increasesLikelihood ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. (&%increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot %3C%3D%3E ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of bi-implication.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot not ;+ (comment "The truth-functional connective of negation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot conditionalProbability ;+ (comment "One of the basic &%ProbabilityRelations. &%conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional probability. (&%conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2 ?NUMBER) means that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Series "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ContentBearingObject consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many dozens of episodes, a film serial, etc." (is-a ContentBearingObject) (role concrete) (single-slot SeriesVolumeFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a type of &%Series (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Periodical "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis." (is-a Series) (role concrete) (single-slot PeriodicalIssueFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of &%Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the &%Periodical corresponding to the number.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Food "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%SelfConnectedObject containing &%Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living &%Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue." (is-a SelfConnectedObject) (role concrete)) (defclass Meat "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Food which was originally part of an &%Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under &%Food." (is-a Food) (role concrete)) (defclass FruitOrVegetable "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny fruit or vegetable, i.e. a &%Food that was originally part of a &%Plant and is not ingested by drinking, including nuts, grains, beans, etc. Note that preparations involving more than one &%FruitOrVegetable or something that is not a &%FruitOrVegetable are not classed under &%FruitOrVegetable. For example, a salad is not considered to be a &%FruitOrVegetable because most salads contain more than one kind of vegetable, and zucchini cooked in lard would not be a &%FruitOrVegetable because it contains an &%Animal product." (is-a Food BodyPart) (role concrete)) (defclass Beverage "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Food that is ingested by &%Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of &%Food, i.e. &%Meat and &%FruitOrVegetable." (is-a Food) (role concrete)) (defclass Region "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA topographic location. &%Regions encompass surfaces of &%Objects, imaginary places, and &%GeographicAreas. Note that a &%Region is the only kind of &%Object which can be located at itself. Note too that &%Region is not a subclass of &%SelfConnectedObject, because some &%Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have &%parts which are not &%connected with one another." (is-a Object) (role concrete)) (defclass Hole "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an &%Object. Since every &%Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a &%Hole is defined as being a &%hole in something. Note that two &%Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts." (is-a Region) (role concrete) (single-slot hole ;+ (comment "(&%hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a &%Hole in ?OBJ. A &%Hole is a fillable body located at the &%surface an &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SelfConnectedObject) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SkinFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the skin of the &%Hole. The skin of a &%Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see &%superficialPart) of the &%Hole's principal host (see &%PrincipalHostFn) with which the &%Hole is externally connected.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PrincipalHostFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Hole to the &%Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a &%Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass AstronomicalBody "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes &%SelfConnectedObjects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as &%Collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an &%AstronomicalBody, but every &%Region of Earth is a &%GeographicArea." (is-a Region) (role concrete)) (defclass GeographicArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass &%Region in that a &%GeographicArea is a three-dimensional &%Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional &%Regions are not classed under &%GeographicArea." (is-a Region) (role concrete)) (defclass WaterArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc." (is-a GeographicArea) (role concrete)) (defclass SaltWaterArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%WaterArea whose &%Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas." (is-a WaterArea) (role concrete)) (defclass FreshWaterArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%WaterArea whose &%Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes." (is-a WaterArea) (role concrete)) (defclass StreamWaterArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA relatively narrow &%WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc." (is-a WaterArea) (role concrete)) (defclass StaticWaterArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds." (is-a WaterArea) (role concrete)) (defclass LandArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a &%Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a &%LandArea may contain some relatively small &%WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a &%LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes." (is-a GeographicArea) (role concrete)) (defclass Continent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne of the seven largest &%LandAreas on earth." (is-a LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass Island "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%LandArea that is completely surrounded by a &%WaterArea." (is-a LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass Address "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%LandArea of relatively small size. This concept represents the state of 'being at an address'." (is-a LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass Collection "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nCollections have &%members like &%Classes, but, unlike &%Classes, they have a position in space-time and &%members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the &%Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep." (is-a Object) (role concrete) (single-slot subCollection ;+ (comment "(&%subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the &%Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the &%Collection ?COLL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Collection) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Agent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSomething or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world." (is-a Object) (role concrete) (single-slot editor ;+ (comment "(&%editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PropertyFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to the &%Set of &%Property owned by the &%Agent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Set) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot authors ;+ (comment "(&%authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot possesses ;+ (comment "&%Relation that holds between an &%Agent and an &%Object when the &%Agent has ownership of the &%Object.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot WealthFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Agent to a &%CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the &%Agent. Note that this &%Function is generally used in conjunction with the &%Function &%PropertyFn, e.g. (&%WealthFn (&%PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CurrencyMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass SentientAgent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the &%Agent is also an instance of &%CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of &%SentientAgents that are not also &%CognitiveAgents." (is-a Agent) (role concrete)) (defclass CognitiveAgent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although &%Human is a subclass of &%CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of &%CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of &%Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be &%CognitiveAgents." (is-a SentientAgent) (role concrete) (single-slot believes ;+ (comment "The epistemic predicate of belief. (&%believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot needs ;+ (comment "(&%needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot prefers ;+ (comment "(&%prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that &%CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot considers ;+ (comment "(&%considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot desires ;+ (comment "(&%desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that &%desires is distinguished from &%wants only in that the former is a &%PropositionalAttitude, while &%wants is an &%ObjectAttitude.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot wants ;+ (comment "(&%wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot knows ;+ (comment "The epistemic predicate of knowing. (&%knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that &%knows entails conscious awareness, so this &%Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot notices ;+ (comment "(&%notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT is paying attention to ?OBJECT, that ?OBJECT is currently the object of ?AGENT's conscious awareness.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inScopeOfInterest ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate. (&%inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass OrganizationUnit "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn organization, division or department within an organization. For example, the Shell Corporation, the accounting department at Shell, etc. would all be instances of &%OrganizationUnit. The continued existence of an &%OrganizationUnit is not dependent on any of its members, locations, or facilities. Note that, unlike &%Organization, an &%OrganizationUnit may have no members." (is-a CognitiveAgent) (role concrete)) (defclass GeopoliticalArea "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes &%Lands, &%Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a &%GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders." (is-a GeographicArea Agent) (role concrete)) (defclass Nation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe broadest &%GeopoliticalArea, i.e. &%Nations are &%GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations)." (is-a GeopoliticalArea LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass StateOrProvince "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAdministrative subdivisions of a &%Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This &%Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries." (is-a GeopoliticalArea LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass City "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc." (is-a GeopoliticalArea LandArea) (role concrete)) (defclass Organism "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nGenerally, a living individual, including all &%Plants and &%Animals." (is-a OrganicObject Agent) (role concrete)) (defclass Plant "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of &%Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion." (is-a Organism) (role concrete)) (defclass FloweringPlant "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers." (is-a Plant) (role concrete)) (defclass NonFloweringPlant "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers." (is-a Plant) (role concrete)) (defclass Alga "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue." (is-a NonFloweringPlant) (role concrete)) (defclass Fungus "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA eukaryotic &%Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms." (is-a NonFloweringPlant) (role concrete)) (defclass Moss "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue." (is-a NonFloweringPlant) (role concrete)) (defclass Fern "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns." (is-a NonFloweringPlant) (role concrete)) (defclass Animal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organism with eukaryotic &%Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments." (is-a Organism) (role concrete)) (defclass Vertebrate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Animal which has a spinal column." (is-a Animal) (role concrete)) (defclass ColdBloodedVertebrate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated." (is-a Vertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Amphibian "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA cold-blooded, smooth-skinned &%Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the &%Amphibian breathes with &%Lungs." (is-a ColdBloodedVertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Fish "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA cold-blooded aquatic &%Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are &%Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those &%Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish." (is-a ColdBloodedVertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Reptile "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. &%Reptiles breathe by means of &%Lungs and generally lay eggs." (is-a ColdBloodedVertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass WarmBloodedVertebrate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated." (is-a Vertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Bird "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers." (is-a WarmBloodedVertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Mammal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands." (is-a WarmBloodedVertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass AquaticMammal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass HoofedMammal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass Marsupial "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Mammals which have a pouch for their young." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass Carnivore "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of flesh-eating &%Mammals. Members of this &%Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass Canine "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles." (is-a Carnivore) (role concrete)) (defclass Feline "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Carnivores with completelyseparable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads." (is-a Carnivore) (role concrete)) (defclass Rodent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass Primate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Mammals which are &%Primates." (is-a Mammal) (role concrete)) (defclass Ape "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nVarious &%Primates with no tails or only short tails." (is-a Primate) (role concrete)) (defclass Monkey "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nVarious &%Primates with relatively long tails." (is-a Primate) (role concrete)) (defclass Hominid "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nIncludes &%Humans and relatively recent ancestors of &%Humans." (is-a Primate) (role concrete)) (defclass Human "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nModern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus." (is-a Hominid CognitiveAgent) (role concrete)) (defclass Invertebrate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Animal which has no spinal column." (is-a Animal) (role concrete)) (defclass Worm "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nLong, narrow, soft-bodied &%Invertebrates." (is-a Invertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Mollusk "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSoft-bodied &%Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid." (is-a Invertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Arthropod "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of &%Invertebrate that includes &%Arachnids and &%Insects." (is-a Invertebrate) (role concrete)) (defclass Arachnid "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders." (is-a Arthropod) (role concrete)) (defclass Myriapod "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of &%Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes." (is-a Arthropod) (role concrete)) (defclass Insect "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of small &%Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance." (is-a Arthropod) (role concrete)) (defclass Crustacean "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of &%Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles." (is-a Arthropod) (role concrete)) (defclass Microorganism "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope." (is-a Organism) (role concrete)) (defclass Bacterium "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic &%Microorganism." (is-a Microorganism) (role concrete)) (defclass Virus "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things." (is-a Microorganism) (role concrete)) (defclass Group "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Collection of &%Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop." (is-a Collection Agent) (role concrete)) (defclass Organization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organization is a corporate or similar \ninstitution, distinguished from other &%Agents. The &%members of an \n&%Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that \nparts of &%Organizations should not be included here, unless they are a \n&%subOrganization of an &%Organization." (is-a Group) (role concrete)) (defclass Corporation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organization that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit." (is-a Organization) (role concrete)) (defclass PoliticalOrganization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organization that is a &%Government, a &%subOrganization of a &%Government, or an &%Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change." (is-a Organization) (role concrete)) (defclass Government "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe ruling body of a &%GeopoliticalArea." (is-a PoliticalOrganization) (role concrete)) (defclass EducationalOrganization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities." (is-a Organization) (role concrete)) (defclass AgeGroup "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Group whose &%members all have the same &%age." (is-a Group) (role concrete)) (defclass FamilyGroup "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Group whose &%members bear &%familyRelations to one another." (is-a Group) (role concrete)) (defclass EthnicGroup "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Group whose &%members originate from the same &%GeographicArea or share the same &%Language and/or cultural practices." (is-a Group) (role concrete)) (defclass BeliefGroup "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Group whose &%members share a belief or set of beliefs." (is-a Group) (role concrete)) (defclass ReligiousOrganization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs." (is-a Organization BeliefGroup) (role concrete)) (defclass Process "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nIntuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like &%Searching and &%Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an &%Object. Note that a &%Process may have participants 'inside' it which are &%Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a &%Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis." (is-a Physical) (role concrete) (single-slot causes ;+ (comment "The causation relation between instances of &%Process. (&%causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of &%Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (&%causes &%Killing &%Death).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Process) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot frequency ;+ (comment "(frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the &%Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot agent ;+ (comment "(&%agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the &%Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the &%agent of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline. For another example, Eve is an &%agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot hasSkill ;+ (comment "Similar to the &%capability &%Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/demonstrated to some measurable degree.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot patient ;+ (comment "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients. Note that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the &%Process. The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot origin ;+ (comment "(&%origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the &%origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot experiencer ;+ (comment "(&%experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the &%Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the &%experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that &%experiencer, unlike &%agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Agent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subProcess ;+ (comment "(&%subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Process) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot manner (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot destination ;+ (comment "(destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general &%CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the &%destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot direction ;+ (comment "(&%direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the &%Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this &%Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving &%North.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DirectionalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot capability ;+ (comment "(&%capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in &%Processes of type ?PROCESS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CaseRole) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass DualObjectProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process that requires two, nonidentical &%patients." (is-a Process) (role concrete) (multislot patient ;+ (comment "(&%patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of &%patients. Note that the &%patient of a &%Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the &%Process. The &%CaseRole of &%patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a &%Process.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) (cardinality 2 2) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Attaching "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process where one &%Object becomes attached to another &%Object. Note that this differs from &%Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location." (is-a DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Detaching "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process where the &%agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that this is different from &%Removing in that neither of the two things which are detached may be removed from the location where it was attached." (is-a DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Combining "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process where two or more things are combined into a single thing." (is-a DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Wetting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is added to an &%Object." (is-a Combining) (role concrete)) (defclass Separating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process where something is disassembled into (some of) its parts." (is-a DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Drying "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where a &%Liquid is removed from an &%Object." (is-a Separating) (role concrete)) (defclass InternalChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Processes which involve altering an internal property of an &%Object, e.g. the shape of the &%Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. &%Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location." (is-a Process) (role concrete)) (defclass SurfaceChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an &%Object." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Coloring "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%SurfaceChange where a &%ColorAttribute of the &%patient is altered." (is-a SurfaceChange) (role concrete)) (defclass BiologicalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process embodied in an &%Organism." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass PhysiologicProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA normal process of an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism." (is-a BiologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass OrganismProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA physiologic function of the &%Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues." (is-a PhysiologicProcess) (role concrete) (single-slot father ;+ (comment "The general relationship of fatherhood. (&%father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological fatherof ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot developmentalForm ;+ (comment "(&%developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are &%developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes DevelopmentalAttribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot sibling ;+ (comment "The relationship between two &%Organisms that have the same &%mother and &%father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot mother ;+ (comment "The general relationship of motherhood. (&%mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inhabits ;+ (comment "A very basic notion of living within something else. (&%inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Object) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot familyRelation ;+ (comment "A very general &%Predicate for biological relationships. (&%familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot parent ;+ (comment "The general relationship of parenthood. (&%parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Organism) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Birth "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of being born." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Death "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of dying." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Breathing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an &%Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Ingesting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process by which &%Food is taken into an &%Animal." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Eating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process by which solid &%Food is incorporated into an &%Animal." (is-a Ingesting) (role concrete)) (defclass Drinking "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process by which liquid &%Food, i.e. &%Beverages, are incorporated into an &%Animal." (is-a Ingesting) (role concrete)) (defclass Digesting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process by which &%Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the &%Organism." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Growth "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of biological development in which an &%Organism or part of an &%Organism changes its form or its size." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Replication "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process." (is-a OrganismProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass SexualReproduction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSexual &%Processes of biological reproduction." (is-a Replication) (role concrete)) (defclass AsexualReproduction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAsexual &%Processes of biological reproduction." (is-a Replication) (role concrete)) (defclass OrganOrTissueProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%PhysiologicProcess of a particular &%Organ or &%Tissue." (is-a PhysiologicProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass PsychologicalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an &%Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the &%Organism." (is-a BiologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Remembering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired." (is-a PsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Perception "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the &%agent of this sensing is assumed to be an &%Animal." (is-a PsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Seeing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular &%Organ." (is-a Perception) (role concrete)) (defclass Tasting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by of an &%Organ which can discriminate various tastes." (is-a Perception) (role concrete)) (defclass Hearing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory &%Organ." (is-a Perception) (role concrete)) (defclass TactilePerception "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Perception in which the sensing is done by &%Touching. Note that &%Touching need not involve &%TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no &%TactilePerception of anything his legs were &%Touching." (is-a Perception) (role concrete)) (defclass PathologicProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA disordered process, activity, or state of the &%Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple &%Organs or &%Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects." (is-a BiologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass QuantityChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%InternalChange where a &%PhysicalQuantity associated with the &%patient is altered." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Increasing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is increased." (is-a QuantityChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Heating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Increasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity increased is a &%TemperatureMeasure." (is-a Increasing) (role concrete)) (defclass Decreasing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%QuantityChange where the &%PhysicalQuantity is decreased." (is-a QuantityChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Cooling "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Decreasing &%Process where the &%PhysicalQuantity decreased is a &%TemperatureMeasure." (is-a Decreasing) (role concrete)) (defclass Damaging "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent brings about a situation where the &%patient no longer functions normally or as intended." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Injuring "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since &%Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess." (is-a PathologicProcess Damaging) (role concrete)) (defclass Poisoning "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since &%Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the &%Organism being injured, it is a subclass of &%BiologicalProcess." (is-a Injuring) (role concrete)) (defclass Destruction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Damagings in which the &%patient (or an essential element of the &%patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent." (is-a Damaging) (role concrete)) (defclass Killing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Destruction in which the death of an &%Organism is caused by an &%Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the &%Organism would be the same in both cases." (is-a Destruction) (role concrete)) (defclass ChemicalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (&%CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a &%ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass ChemicalDecomposition "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which a &%CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products." (is-a ChemicalProcess Separating) (role concrete)) (defclass Combustion "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%ChemicalProcesses in which an &%Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all &%Processes in which something is burning." (is-a ChemicalDecomposition) (role concrete)) (defclass Creation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the &%result &%CaseRole." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass StateChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process where the &%PhysicalState of &%part of the &%patient of the &%Process changes." (is-a InternalChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Melting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is heated and converted from a &%Solid to a &%Liquid." (is-a StateChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Boiling "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is heated and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Gas." (is-a StateChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Condensing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Gas to a &%Liquid." (is-a StateChange) (role concrete)) (defclass Freezing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where an &%Object is cooled and converted from a &%Liquid to a &%Solid." (is-a StateChange) (role concrete)) (defclass ShapeChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Process of changing the shape of an &%Object." (is-a Process) (role concrete)) (defclass IntentionalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process that has a specific purpose for the &%CognitiveAgent who performs it." (is-a Process) (role concrete)) (defclass Searching "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process where the aim is to find something, whether it be information (i.e. a &%Proposition) or an &%Object." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Pursuing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Searching where the thing sought is an &%Object. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking." (is-a Searching) (role concrete)) (defclass Investigating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Searching where the thing sought is a piece of information (i.e. a &%Proposition denoted by a &%Formula)." (is-a Searching) (role concrete)) (defclass DiagnosticProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome." (is-a Investigating) (role concrete)) (defclass IntentionalPsychologicalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an &%Organism. Thus, for example, &%Reasoning is a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, &%RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcess,because many instances of &%RecreationOrExercise necessarily have &%subProcesses of &%BodyMotion." (is-a IntentionalProcess PsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Planning "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSpecifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Learning "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes which relate to the acquisition of information." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Classifying "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that &%Classifying is distinguished from &%Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a &%CognitiveAgent of any &%Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Reasoning "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular &%Proposition or &%Sentence is true." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Selecting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more &%Entity out of a larger set of &%Entities." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Comparing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more &%Entities." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Calculating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of &%Quantity." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Measuring "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the &%patient." (is-a Calculating) (role concrete)) (defclass Counting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnumerating something. The &%Class of &%Calculating &%Processes where the aim is to determine the &%Number corresponding to the &%patient." (is-a Calculating) (role concrete)) (defclass Predicting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a &%Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future." (is-a IntentionalPsychologicalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass RecreationOrExercise "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since &%RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of &%IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of &%RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of &%Seeing, where being an instance of this class is not determined by intention)." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass OrganizationalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%IntentionalProcess that is carried out within or by an &%Organization." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete) (single-slot employs ;+ (comment "(&%employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes CognitiveAgent) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot publishes ;+ (comment "(&%publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Text) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass ReligiousProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a &%ReligiousOrganization." (is-a OrganizationalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass JoiningAnOrganization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%OrganizationalProcess of becoming a &%member of an &%Organization." (is-a OrganizationalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Matriculation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%OrganizationalProcess of joining an &%EducationalOrganization as a student." (is-a JoiningAnOrganization) (role concrete)) (defclass Hiring "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an &%Organization." (is-a JoiningAnOrganization) (role concrete)) (defclass LeavingAnOrganization "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%OrganizationalProcess of leaving an &%Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily." (is-a OrganizationalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Graduation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an &%EducationalOrganization." (is-a LeavingAnOrganization) (role concrete)) (defclass TerminatingEmployment "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an &%Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job." (is-a LeavingAnOrganization) (role concrete)) (defclass PoliticalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%OrganizationalProcess carried out by officially constituted governments or with the aim of overthrowing or modifying such a government." (is-a OrganizationalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass MilitaryProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers &%Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted." (is-a PoliticalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Guiding "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%IntentionalProcess where the &%agent tries to direct the movements of another &%Object, whether an &%Agent or not." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass RegulatoryProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nan &%OrganizationalProcess whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and its sibling &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred." (is-a OrganizationalProcess Guiding) (role concrete)) (defclass Managing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between &%RegulatoryProcess and its sibling &%Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred." (is-a OrganizationalProcess Guiding) (role concrete)) (defclass Steering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nControlling the direction and/or speed of a &%TransportationDevice. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc." (is-a Guiding) (role concrete)) (defclass EducationalProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process which is intended to result in &%Learning." (is-a Guiding) (role concrete)) (defclass Keeping "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Confining "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Keeping &%Processes where the &%patient is &%Human and is kept against his/her will. This covers imprisonment, being jailed, held in custody, etc." (is-a Keeping) (role concrete)) (defclass Maintaining "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent cares for or maintains the &%Object." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Repairing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an &%Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass TherapeuticProcess "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a &%DiseaseOrSyndrome." (is-a Repairing) (role concrete)) (defclass Surgery "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the &%Animal that is the &%patient of the &%TherapeuticProcess." (is-a TherapeuticProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Poking "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where the &%agentpierces the surface of the &%Object with an &%instrument." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Cutting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Poking &%Processes which involve a sharp &%instrument." (is-a Poking) (role concrete)) (defclass ContentDevelopment "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Reading "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken or mental representation." (is-a ContentDevelopment) (role concrete)) (defclass Writing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%subclass of &%ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written &%Texts." (is-a ContentDevelopment) (role concrete)) (defclass Encoding "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nConverting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of &%Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message." (is-a Writing) (role concrete)) (defclass Decoding "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nConverting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see &%Encoding) into a &%Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers." (is-a Writing) (role concrete)) (defclass Making "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Creation in which an individual &%Artifact or a type of &%Artifact is made." (is-a Creation IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Constructing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Making in which a &%StationaryArtifact is built." (is-a Making) (role concrete)) (defclass Manufacture "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Making of &%Artifacts on a mass scale." (is-a Making) (role concrete)) (defclass Publication "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Manufacture of &%Texts. Note that there is no implication that the &%Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of &%Dissemination." (is-a Manufacture ContentDevelopment) (role concrete)) (defclass Cooking "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Making of an &%instance of &%Food." (is-a Making) (role concrete)) (defclass SocialInteraction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between &%CognitiveAgents." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass ChangeOfPossession "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one &%Agent to another." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass Giving "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the &%agent gives the &%destination something." (is-a ChangeOfPossession) (role concrete)) (defclass UnilateralGiving "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny instance of &%Giving that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants." (is-a Giving) (role concrete)) (defclass Lending "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Giving &%Processes where the &%agent gives the &%destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest)." (is-a Giving) (role concrete)) (defclass Getting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where the&%agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the &%origin &%CaseRole." (is-a ChangeOfPossession) (role concrete)) (defclass UnilateralGetting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny instance of &%Getting that is not part of a &%Transaction. In other words, any instance of &%Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of &%UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc." (is-a Getting) (role concrete)) (defclass Borrowing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Getting &%Processes where the &%agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest)." (is-a Getting) (role concrete)) (defclass Transaction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else." (is-a ChangeOfPossession DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass FinancialTransaction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Transaction where an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for something else." (is-a Transaction) (role concrete)) (defclass Betting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%FinancialTransaction where an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of &%CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of &%Game." (is-a FinancialTransaction) (role concrete)) (defclass Buying "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of &%Physical." (is-a FinancialTransaction) (role concrete)) (defclass Selling "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%FinancialTransaction in which an instance of &%Physical is exchanged for an instance of &%CurrencyMeasure." (is-a FinancialTransaction) (role concrete)) (defclass Contest "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SocialInteraction where the &%agent and &%patient are &%CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass ViolentContest "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant." (is-a Contest) (role concrete)) (defclass War "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA military confrontation between two or more &%Nations or &%Organizations whose members are &%Nations. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a &%War is made up of &%Battles." (is-a ViolentContest) (role concrete)) (defclass Battle "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of &%Contest." (is-a ViolentContest) (role concrete)) (defclass Game "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the &%Game." (is-a Contest RecreationOrExercise) (role concrete)) (defclass Sport "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game." (is-a Game) (role concrete)) (defclass LegalAction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process where a &%CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something from another &%CognitiveAgent through a court of law." (is-a Contest) (role concrete)) (defclass Pretending "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%SocialInteraction where a &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents attempts to make another &%CognitiveAgent or &%Group of &%CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass Communication "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more &%CognitiveAgents. Note that &%Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, &%ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a &%ContentBearingObject, while &%Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass Disseminating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Communication that involves a single &%agent and many &%destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc." (is-a Communication) (role concrete)) (defclass Advertising "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Disseminating whose purpose is to promote the sale of an &%Object represented in a &%Text or &%Icon (the advertisement)." (is-a Disseminating) (role concrete)) (defclass LinguisticCommunication "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Communication that involves the transfer of information via a &%LinguisticExpression." (is-a Communication) (role concrete)) (defclass Directing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nInstances of this &%Class urge some further action among the receivers. A &%Directing can be an &%Ordering, a &%Requesting or a &%Questioning." (is-a LinguisticCommunication) (role concrete)) (defclass Ordering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a &%ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee." (is-a Directing) (role concrete)) (defclass Requesting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA request expresses a desire by the &%agent of the request that the &%destination of the request perform some future action. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group" (is-a Directing) (role concrete)) (defclass Questioning "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address." (is-a Directing) (role concrete)) (defclass Stating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nInstances of this &%Class commit a sender to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese." (is-a LinguisticCommunication) (role concrete)) (defclass Committing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nInstances of this &%Class commit the sender to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm." (is-a LinguisticCommunication) (role concrete)) (defclass Offering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe subclass of &%Committing in which a &%CognitiveAgent offers something &%Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a &%Transaction of some sort)." (is-a Committing) (role concrete)) (defclass Expressing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nInstances of this &%Class express a state of the sender. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara." (is-a LinguisticCommunication) (role concrete)) (defclass Declaring "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating." (is-a LinguisticCommunication) (role concrete)) (defclass Cooperation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass Meeting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe coming together of two or more &%CognitiveAgents for the purpose of &%Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting." (is-a SocialInteraction) (role concrete)) (defclass Maneuver "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn intentional move or play within a &%Contest. In many cases, a &%Maneuver is part of a strategy for winning the larger &%Contest of which the &%Maneuver is a part." (is-a IntentionalProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Motion "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Process of movement." (is-a Process) (role concrete)) (defclass BodyMotion "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Motion where the &%agent is an &%Organism and the &%patient is a &%BodyPart." (is-a Motion) (role concrete)) (defclass Walking "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an &%Organism on land for the purpose of moving from one point to another." (is-a BodyMotion) (role concrete)) (defclass Swimming "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny deliberate and controlled &%BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an &%Organism." (is-a BodyMotion) (role concrete)) (defclass Dancing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%BodyMotion of &%Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music." (is-a BodyMotion) (role concrete)) (defclass DirectionChange "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe act of changing the direction in which the &%patient of the act is oriented." (is-a Motion) (role concrete)) (defclass Transfer "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%instance of &%Motion where the &%agent of the &%Motion and the &%patient of the &%Motion are not the same thing." (is-a Motion) (role concrete)) (defclass Removing "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the &%CaseRoles &%patient and &%origin, respectively." (is-a Transfer) (role concrete)) (defclass Uncovering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Removing processes where the &%agent uncovers the &%patient, either completely or only partially." (is-a Removing) (role concrete)) (defclass Putting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the &%CaseRole &%destination." (is-a Transfer) (role concrete)) (defclass Covering "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Putting processes where the &%agent covers the &%patient, either completely or only partially, with something else." (is-a Putting) (role concrete)) (defclass Substituting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else." (is-a Transfer DualObjectProcess) (role concrete)) (defclass Impelling "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Transfer where the &%patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc." (is-a Transfer) (role concrete)) (defclass Shooting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Impelling where the &%patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of &%Device." (is-a Impelling) (role concrete)) (defclass Touching "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Transfer where two &%Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another." (is-a Transfer) (role concrete)) (defclass Impacting "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc." (is-a Touching) (role concrete)) (defclass Transportation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Motion from one point to another by means of a &%TransportationDevice." (is-a Motion) (role concrete)) (defclass Radiating "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nProcesses in which some form of radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else." (is-a Motion) (role concrete)) (defclass RadiatingLight "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering." (is-a Radiating) (role concrete)) (defclass RadiatingSound "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling." (is-a Radiating) (role concrete)) (defclass Music "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%subclass of &%RadiatingSound where the sound is intended to be melodic and is produced deliberately." (is-a RadiatingSound) (role concrete)) (defclass Abstract "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn entity that has no location in space-time." (is-a Entity) (role concrete)) (defclass Relation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of relations. There are three kinds of &%Relation: &%Predicate, &%Function, and &%List. &%Predicates and &%Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two &%Classes is that &%Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while &%Functions cover term-forming operators. A &%List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete)) (defclass IntentionalRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n(not defined but referenced in SUMO 1.48)." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass Predicate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Predicate is a sentence-forming &%Relation. Each tuple in the &%Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a &%Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of &%BinaryPredicates, the fact canbe read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* ofarg_1 is arg_2'." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass LogicalOperator "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis &%Class currently comprises all of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>')." (is-a Predicate) (role concrete)) (defclass SingleValuedRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Relation is a &%SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all &%SingleValuedRelations are total functions. To declare that a &%Relation is a total function, use both &%SingleValuedFunction and &%TotalValuedFunction." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass Function "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Function is a term-forming &%Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a &%SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the &%SetOrClass." (is-a SingleValuedRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass ContinuousFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Functions which are continuous. This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised." (is-a Function) (role concrete)) (defclass TotalValuedRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Relation is a &%TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the &%Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a &%Relation to be both a &%TotalValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass PartialValuedRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Relation is a &%PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a &%TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a &%Relation is both a &%PartialValuedRelation and a &%SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass BinaryRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. &%BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems." (is-a Relation) (role concrete) (single-slot partialOrderingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass, and it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot trichotomizingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a &%SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the &%SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot inverse ;+ (comment "The inverse of a &%BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one &%BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes BinaryRelation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot equivalenceRelationOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is an &%equivalenceRelationOn a &%SetOrClass only if the relation is &%reflexiveOn the &%SetOrClass and it is both a &%TransitiveRelation and a &%SymmetricRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot irreflexiveOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if no instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot reflexiveOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation is reflexive on a &%SetOrClass only if every instance of the &%SetOrClass bears the relation to itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot totalOrderingOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a &%SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass BinaryPredicate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Predicate relating two items - its valence is two." (is-a Predicate BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass ReflexiveRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass IrreflexiveRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) holds for no value of ?INST." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass SymmetricRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation ?REL issymmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass AntisymmetricRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%BinaryRelation ?REL is an &%AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an &%AntisymmetricRelation to be a &%ReflexiveRelation." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass AsymmetricRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an &%AntisymmetricRelation and an &%IrreflexiveRelation." (is-a IrreflexiveRelation AntisymmetricRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass CaseRole "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a &%Process. &%CaseRoles include, for example, the &%agent, &%patient or &%destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain." (is-a BinaryPredicate AsymmetricRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass PropositionalAttitude "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of a &%Proposition." (is-a IntentionalRelation AsymmetricRelation) (role concrete) (single-slot subProposition ;+ (comment "(&%subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a &%Proposition which is a proper part of the &%Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, &%subProposition is the analogue of &%properPart for chunks of abstract content.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Proposition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass ObjectAttitude "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%IntentionalRelations where the &%Agent has awareness of an instance of &%Physical." (is-a IntentionalRelation AsymmetricRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass TrichotomizingRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation ?REL is a &%TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass TransitiveRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass PartialOrderingRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, an &%AntisymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation." (is-a TransitiveRelation AntisymmetricRelation ReflexiveRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass TotalOrderingRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation is a &%TotalOrderingRelation if it is a &%PartialOrderingRelation and a &%TrichotomizingRelation." (is-a PartialOrderingRelation TrichotomizingRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass EquivalenceRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a &%ReflexiveRelation, a &%SymmetricRelation, and a &%TransitiveRelation." (is-a TransitiveRelation SymmetricRelation ReflexiveRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass IntransitiveRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3." (is-a BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass UnaryFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Functions that require a single argument." (is-a Function BinaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass OneToOneFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y)." (is-a UnaryFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass SequenceFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the &%PositiveIntegers." (is-a OneToOneFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass ProbabilityRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass SpatialRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This &%Class includes mereological relations and topological relations." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass TemporalRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of temporal &%Relations. This &%Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass TernaryRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%TernaryRelations relate three items. The two &%subclasses of &%TernaryRelation are &%TernaryPredicate and &%BinaryFunction." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass TernaryPredicate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Predicates that require exactly three arguments." (is-a Predicate TernaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass BinaryFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Functions that require two arguments." (is-a Function TernaryRelation) (role concrete) (single-slot distributes ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another &%BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes BinaryFunction) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot identityElement ;+ (comment "An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass AssociativeFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the &%Function. More precisely, a &%Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3." (is-a BinaryFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass CommutativeFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2." (is-a BinaryFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass QuaternaryRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuaternaryRelation are &%QuaternaryPredicate and &%TernaryFunction." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass QuaternaryPredicate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Predicates that require four arguments." (is-a Predicate QuaternaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass TernaryFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly three arguments." (is-a Function QuaternaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass QuintaryRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two &%subclasses of &%QuintaryRelation are &%QuintaryPredicate and &%QuaternaryFunction." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass QuintaryPredicate "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Predicates that require five arguments." (is-a Predicate QuintaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass QuaternaryFunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Functions that require exactly four arguments." (is-a Function QuintaryRelation) (role concrete)) (defclass List "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEvery &%List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, &%Lists are created by means of the &%ListFn &%Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a &%List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other &%Lists, may be an item in a &%List. Note too that &%Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a &%List may contain no items. In that case, the &%List is the &%NullList." (is-a Relation) (role concrete) (single-slot exists ;+ (comment "The existential quantifier of predicate logic.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot forall ;+ (comment "The universal quantifier of predicate logic.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListLengthFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that takes a &%List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the &%List. For example, (&%ListLengthFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday)) would return the value 3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subList ;+ (comment "(&%subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both &%Lists have the same order in both &%Lists.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListConcatenateFn ;+ (comment "A &%Function that returns the concatenation of the two &%Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of (&%ListConcatenateFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday) (&%ListFn &%Wednesday &%Thursday)) would be (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday &%Thursday).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ListOrderFn ;+ (comment "(&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER) denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the &%List ?LIST. For example, (&%ListOrderFn (&%ListFn &%Monday &%Tuesday &%Wednesday) 2) would return the value &%Tuesday.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass UniqueList "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a &%List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (&%ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value." (is-a List) (role concrete)) (defclass VariableArityRelation "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass RelationExtendedToQuantities "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is a &%Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are &%RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of &%ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the &%lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from &%RealNumbers to &%ConstantQuantities, the &%ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension." (is-a Relation) (role concrete)) (defclass Quantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of &%Quantity: &%Number (how many) and &%PhysicalQuantity (how much)." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete) (single-slot DivisionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 = 1, in which case (&%DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ReciprocalFn ;+ (comment "(ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (&%MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is &%equal to applying the &%ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AdditionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical sum of these numbers.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MaxFn ;+ (comment "(&%MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MaxFn returns one of its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RoundFn ;+ (comment "(&%RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the &%Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two &%Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger &%Integer.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RemainderFn ;+ (comment "(RemainderFn ?NUMBER ?DIVISOR) is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinFn ;+ (comment "(&%MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, &%MinFn returns one of its arguments.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot greaterThan ;+ (comment "(&%greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ExponentiationFn ;+ (comment "(&%ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER raised to the power of the &%Integer ?INT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SubtractionFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (&%SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot lessThan ;+ (comment "(&%lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot lessThanOrEqualTo ;+ (comment "(&%lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot greaterThanOrEqualTo ;+ (comment "(&%greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the &%Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the &%Quantity ?NUMBER2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MultiplicationFn ;+ (comment "If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are &%Numbers, then (&%MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the arithmetical product of these numbers.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Quantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Number "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA measure of how many things there are, or howmuch there is, of a certain kind. &%Numbers are subclassed into &%RealNumber, &%ComplexNumber, and &%ImaginaryNumber." (is-a Quantity) (role concrete) (single-slot RationalNumberFn ;+ (comment "(&%RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RationalNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RealNumberFn ;+ (comment "(RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a &%RealNumber.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass RealNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any &%Number that has a position on the number line." (is-a Number) (role concrete) (single-slot CeilingFn ;+ (comment "(&%CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest &%Integer greater than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot FloorFn ;+ (comment "(&%FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest &%Integer less than or equal to the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SquareRootFn ;+ (comment "(SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Number) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MeasureFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction maps a &%RealNumber and a &%UnitOfMeasure to that &%Number of units. It is used for expressing &%ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is represented as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AbsoluteValueFn ;+ (comment "The value of (&%AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeRealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot LogFn ;+ (comment "(LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) returns the logarithm of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the &%Integer ?INT.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot DenominatorFn ;+ (comment "(&%DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the &%RealNumber ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntegerSquareRootFn ;+ (comment "(&%IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes NonnegativeInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot NumeratorFn ;+ (comment "(&%NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SignumFn ;+ (comment "(SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass RationalNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%RealNumber that is the product of dividing two &%Integers." (is-a RealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass Integer "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA negative or nonnegative whole number." (is-a RationalNumber) (role concrete) (single-slot PredecessorFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot YearFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a number to the corresponding calendar &%Year. For example, (&%YearFn 1912) returns the &%Class containing just one instance, the year of 1912. As might be expected, positive integers return years in the Common Era, while negative integers return years in B.C.E. Note that this function returns a &%Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. &%MonthFn, &%DayFn, &%HourFn, &%MinuteFn, and &%SecondFn, are used to generate both specific &%TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Year) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SuccessorFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps an &%Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Integer) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass EvenInteger "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is evenly divisible by 2." (is-a Integer) (role concrete)) (defclass OddInteger "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2." (is-a Integer) (role concrete)) (defclass PrimeNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1." (is-a Integer) (role concrete)) (defclass IrrationalNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%RealNumber that is not also a &%RationalNumber." (is-a RealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass NonnegativeRealNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero." (is-a RealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass PositiveRealNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%RealNumber that is greater than zero." (is-a NonnegativeRealNumber) (role concrete) (single-slot DayFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Months to the &%Days within each &%Month corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%DayFn 16 &%August) is the &%Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (&%DayFn 9 &%Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Month) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinuteFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Hours to the &%Minutes within each &%Hour corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%MinuteFn 30 (&%HourFn 17 &%Day)) is the &%Class of all 5:30's in the afternoon. For another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 &%Hour) would return the class of all instances of quarter past the hour. For still another example, (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))))) denotes 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Hour) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot HourFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Days to the &%Hours within each &%Day corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%HourFn 12 &%Thursday) is the &%Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (&%HourFn 24 &%Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Day) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SecondFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that assigns a &%PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of &%Minutes to the &%Seconds within each &%Minute corresponding to that &%PositiveRealNumber. For example, (&%SecondFn 4 (&%MinuteFn 5 &%Hour)) is the &%Class of all fourth &%Seconds of every fifth &%Minute of every hour. For another example, (&%SecondFn 8 &%Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (&%SecondFn 9 (&%MinuteFn 15 (&%HourFn 14 (&%DayFn 18 (&%MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Minute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass NonnegativeInteger "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is greater than or equal to zero." (is-a Integer NonnegativeRealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass PositiveInteger "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is greater than zero." (is-a NonnegativeInteger PositiveRealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass NegativeRealNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%RealNumber that is less than zero." (is-a RealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass NegativeInteger "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Integer that is less than zero." (is-a Integer NegativeRealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass BinaryNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nElements from the number system with base 2. Every &%BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0." (is-a RealNumber) (role concrete)) (defclass ImaginaryNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Number that is the result of multiplying a &%RealNumber by the square root of -1." (is-a Number) (role concrete)) (defclass ComplexNumber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are &%RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1." (is-a Number) (role concrete) (single-slot ImaginaryPartFn ;+ (comment "(&%ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ImaginaryNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass PhysicalQuantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All &%PhysicalQuantities are either &%ConstantQuantities or &%FunctionQuantities. Instances of &%ConstantQuantity are dependent on a &%UnitOfMeasure, while instances of &%FunctionQuantity are &%Functions that map instances of &%ConstantQuantity to other instances of &%ConstantQuantity (e.g., &%TimeDependentQuantities are &%FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of &%PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, &%PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of &%PhysicalQuantity. &%PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from &%Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement." (is-a Quantity) (role concrete)) (defclass ConstantQuantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%ConstantQuantity is a &%PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see &%MagnitudeFn) of every &%ConstantQuantity is a &%RealNumber. &%ConstantQuantities are distinguished from &%FunctionQuantities, which map &%ConstantQuantities to other &%ConstantQuantities. All &%ConstantQuantites are expressed with the &%BinaryFunction &%MeasureFn, which takes a &%Number and a &%UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 &%Meters can be expressed as (&%MeasureFn 3 &%Meter). &%ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see &%PartialOrderingRelation) with the &%lessThan relation, since &%lessThan is a &%RelationExtendedToQuantities and &%lessThan is defined over the &%RealNumbers. The &%lessThan relation is not a total order (see &%TotalOrderingRelation) over the class &%ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of &%ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities)." (is-a PhysicalQuantity) (role concrete) (single-slot PerFn ;+ (comment "&%PerFn maps two instances of &%ConstantQuantity to the &%FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (&%PerFn (&%MeasureFn 2 (&%MicroFn &%Gram)) (&%MeasureFn 1 (&%KiloFn &%Gram))) denotes the &%FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to dynamically generate instances of &%FunctionQuantity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ConstantQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MagnitudeFn ;+ (comment "The magnitude of a &%ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, &%MagnitudeFn converts a &%ConstantQuantity with an associated &%UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary &%RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the &%ConstantQuantity 2 &%Kilometers is the &%RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntervalFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%ConstantQuantities to the &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first &%ConstantQuantity to the second &%ConstantQuantity. For example, (&%IntervalFn (&%MeasureFn 8 &%Meter) (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Meter)) would return the &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes ConstantQuantity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass TimeMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe class of temporal durations (instances of &%TimeDuration) and positions of &%TimePoints and &%TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of &%TimePosition)." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass TimeDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline." (is-a TimeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass SecondDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI &%TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom." (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass DayDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nTime unit. 1 day = 24 hours." (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass HourDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nTime unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes." (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass MinuteDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nTime unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. " (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass WeekDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nTime unit. A week's duration is seven days." (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass YearDuration "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nTime unit. one calendar year. 1 year =365 days = 31536000 seconds." (is-a TimeDuration) (role concrete)) (defclass TimePosition "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%TimePoint or &%TimeInterval along the universal timeline from &%NegativeInfinity to &%PositiveInfinity." (is-a TimeMeasure) (role concrete) (single-slot PastFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at &%NegativeInfinity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holdsDuring ;+ (comment "(&%holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every &%TimePoint which is a &%temporalPart of ?TIME.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Formula) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ImmediatePastFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately precedes the &%TimePosition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporalPart ;+ (comment "The temporal analogue of the spatial &%part predicate. (&%temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that &%TimePosition ?POS1 is part of &%TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since &%temporalPart is a &%ReflexiveRelation every &%TimePostion is a &%temporalPart of itself.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePosition) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot FutureFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to the &%TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at &%PositiveInfinity.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RelativeTimeFn ;+ (comment "A means of converting &%TimePositions between different &%TimeZones. (&%RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) denotes the &%TimePosition in &%CoordinatedUniversalTime that is contemporaneous with the &%TimePosition ?TIME in &%TimeZone ?ZONE. For example, (&%RelativeTimeFn (&%MeasureFn 14 &%Hour) &%EasternTimeZone) would return the value (&%MeasureFn 19 &%Hour).") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeZone) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ImmediateFutureFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimePosition to a short, indeterminate &%TimeInterval that immediately follows the &%TimePosition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass TimeInterval "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn interval of time. Note that a &%TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a &%TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals." (is-a TimePosition) (role concrete) (single-slot TemporalCompositionFn ;+ (comment "The basic &%Function for expressing the composition of larger &%TimeIntervals out of smaller &%TimeIntervals. For example, if &%ThisSeptember is an &%instance of &%September, (&%TemporalCompositionFn &%ThisSeptember &%Day) denotes the &%Class of consecutive days that make up &%ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain the number of instances of this &%Class by using the function &%CardinalityFn.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot starts ;+ (comment "(&%starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same initial &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot duration ;+ (comment "(&%duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the &%TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this &%Predicate can be used in conjunction with the &%Function &%WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of &%Physical.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot meetsTemporally ;+ (comment "(&%meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the &%TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot finishes ;+ (comment "(&%finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both &%TimeIntervals that have the same ending &%TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EndFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval ends.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BeginFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%TimeInterval to the &%TimePoint at which the interval begins.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot earlier ;+ (comment "(earlier INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that INTERVAL1 ends before INTERVAL2 begins.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot overlapsTemporally ;+ (comment "(&%overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the &%TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a &%TimeInterval as a common part.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeInterval) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Year "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar &%Years." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass LeapYear "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century)." (is-a Year) (role concrete)) (defclass Month "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar &%Months." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass January "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are January." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass February "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are February." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass March "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are March." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass April "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are April." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass May "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are May." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass June "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are June." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass July "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are July." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass August "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are August." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass September "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are September." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass October "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are October." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass November "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are November." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass December "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Months which are December." (is-a Month) (role concrete)) (defclass Day "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar &%Days." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass Monday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Mondays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Tuesday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Tuesdays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Wednesday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Wednesdays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Thursday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Thursdays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Friday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Fridays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Saturday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Saturdays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Sunday "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar Sundays." (is-a Day) (role concrete)) (defclass Week "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all calendar weeks." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass Hour "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all clock &%Hours." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass Minute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all clock &%Minutes." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass Second "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all clock &%Seconds." (is-a TimeInterval) (role concrete)) (defclass TimePoint "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn extensionless point on the universal timeline. The &%TimePoints at which &%Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually &%TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a &%TimePoint lasts." (is-a TimePosition) (role concrete) (single-slot TimeIntervalFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that takes two &%TimePoints as arguments and returns the &%TimeInterval defined by these two &%TimePoints. Note that the first &%TimePoint must occur earlier than the second &%TimePoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot beforeOrEqual ;+ (comment "(&%beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporallyBetween ;+ (comment "(&%temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the &%TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot before ;+ (comment "(&%before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot temporallyBetweenOrEqual ;+ (comment "(&%temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the &%TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the &%TimePoint ?POINT3.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimePoint) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass LengthMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating to length." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete) (single-slot VelocityFn ;+ (comment "Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed and the direction of the speed. For example (&%VelocityFn (&%MeasureFn 55 &%Mile) (&%MeasureFn 2 &%HourDuration) ?REFERENCE &%North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes TimeDuration) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Meter "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI &%LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of thebase units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a &%SecondDuration." (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Centimeter "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSubmultiple of &%Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a &%Meter" (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Angstrom "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Angstrom is a &%LengthMeasure. 1 &%Angstrom = 10^(-10) m" (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Foot "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish length unit of feet." (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Inch "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish length unit of inches." (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Mile "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish length unit of miles." (is-a LengthMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass MassMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an &%Object." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Gram "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSubmultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 &%Grams." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Mole "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 &%Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this &%UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Amu "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAtomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass AtomGram "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 &%Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 &%AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 &%Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 &%AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 &%Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 &%Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass PoundMass "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish mass unit of pounds." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Slug "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish mass unit of slugs." (is-a MassMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass AreaMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nMeasures of the amount of space in two dimensions." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass VolumeMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nMeasures of the amount of space in three dimensions." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Liter "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nUnit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass UnitedStatesGallon "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nUnit of volume commonly used in the United States." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Quart "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a &%UnitedStatesGallon." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Pint "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Quart." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Cup "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a &%Pint." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass UnitedKingdomGallon "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nUnit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom." (is-a VolumeMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass TemperatureMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nMeasures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass KelvinDegree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI &%TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 &%KelvinDegrees while it is 0 &%CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15." (is-a TemperatureMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass CelsiusDegree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 &%CelsiusDegrees and 100 &%CelsiusDegrees." (is-a TemperatureMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass RankineDegree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 &%RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 &%KelvinDegrees)." (is-a TemperatureMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass FahrenheitDegree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 &%FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 &%FahrenheitDegrees." (is-a TemperatureMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass CurrencyMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nIncludes all standard measures of monetary value, including &%UnitedStatesDollar, &%UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass UnitedStatesDollar "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA currency measure." (is-a CurrencyMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass UnitedStatesCent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA currency measure. 1 &%UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 &%UnitedStatesDollars." (is-a CurrencyMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass EuroDollar "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the &%UnitedStatesDollar." (is-a CurrencyMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass EuroCent "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA currency measure. 1 &%EuroCent is equal to .01 &%EuroDollars." (is-a CurrencyMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass AngleMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe value of an angle in a plane or in a solid." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass PlaneAngleMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe value of an angle in a plane." (is-a AngleMeasure) (role concrete) (single-slot TangentFn ;+ (comment "(&%TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CosineFn ;+ (comment "(&%CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot SineFn ;+ (comment "(&%SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the &%PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Radian "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. &%Radian = m/m = 1." (is-a PlaneAngleMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass AngularDegree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA plane angle measure." (is-a PlaneAngleMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass SolidAngleMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe value of an angle in a solid." (is-a AngleMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Steradian "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. &%Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1." (is-a SolidAngleMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass InformationMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nMeasures of the amount of information. Includes &%Bit, &%Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. &%KiloByte and &%MegaByte." (is-a ConstantQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Bit "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne &%Bit of information. A one or a zero." (is-a InformationMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Byte "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne &%Byte of information. A &%Byte is eight &%Bits." (is-a InformationMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass KiloByte "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne &%KiloByte (KB) of information. One &%KiloByte is 1024 &%Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system." (is-a InformationMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass MegaByte "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nOne &%MegaByte (MB) of information. One &%MegaByte is 1024 &%KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system." (is-a InformationMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass FunctionQuantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%FunctionQuantity is a &%Function that maps from one or more instances of &%ConstantQuantity to another instance of &%ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a &%FunctionQuantity mapping values of time (which are &%ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also &%ConstantQuantities). Note that all instances of &%FunctionQuantity are &%Functions with a fixed arity. Note too that all elements of the range of a &%FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the &%FunctionQuantity itself." (is-a PhysicalQuantity Function) (role concrete) (single-slot AssignmentFn ;+ (comment "If F is a function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then the term (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) denotes the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Entity) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot closedOn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction is closed on a &%SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the &%SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot range ;+ (comment "Gives the range of a function. In other words, (&%range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%instances of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot rangeSubclass ;+ (comment "(&%rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are &%subclasses of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe class of &%UnaryFunctions that map from the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity to the &%Class &%ConstantQuantity." (is-a FunctionQuantity UnaryFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass TimeDependentQuantity "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%UnaryConstantFunction of continuous time. All instances of this &%Class map a time quantity into another &%ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a &%TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time." (is-a UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity ContinuousFunction) (role concrete)) (defclass Hertz "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. &%Hertz = s^(-1). Note that &%Hertz does not have a conversion function." (is-a TimeDependentQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Coulomb "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each &%SecondDuration by a current of 1 &%Ampere. Coulomb = s*A." (is-a TimeDependentQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Becquerel "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per &%SecondDuration. &%Becquerel = s^(-1)." (is-a TimeDependentQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Ampere "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the &%Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 &%Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) &%Newton per &%Meter of length." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Candela "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the &%Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 &%Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 &%Watt per &%Steradian." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Newton "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 &%Meter per &%SecondDuration. &%Newton = m*kg*s^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Pascal "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one &%Newton per square &%Meter. &%Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Joule "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 &%Newton is displaced a distance of 1 &%Meter in the direction of the force. &%Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Watt "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI power measure. Symbol: W. A &%UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by &%TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one &%Joule per &%SecondDuration. &%Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Volt "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 &%Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 &%Watt. &%Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Farad "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 &%Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. &%Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Ohm "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI electric resistance measure. It is the electricresistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 &%Volt, applied between these two points,produces in this conductor a current of 1 &%Ampere, this conductor notbeing the force of any electromotive force. &%Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Siemens "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in &%Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in &%Ohms; in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Weber "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it anelectromotive force of 1 &%Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniformrate in 1 &%SecondDuration. &%Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Tesla "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T.One &%Tesla equals one &%Weber per square &%Meter. &%Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Henry "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One &%Henry is equivalent to one &%Volt divided by one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one &%Ampere per &%SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one &%Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one &%Henry. &%Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Lumen "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 &%Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one &%Candela. &%Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Lux "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one &%Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square &%Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one &%Meter from a point source of one &%Candela. &%Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Gray "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted tomatter by ionizing radiation is 1 &%Joule per kilogram. &%Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Sievert "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nSI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The &%Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons--has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in &%Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in &%Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one &%Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one &%Gray of gamma radiation. &%Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2)" (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass ElectronVolt "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%ElectronVolt is an energy measure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 &%Volt in a vacuum." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass PoundForce "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nEnglish pound of force. The conversionfactor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. Amean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass Calorie "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Calorie is an energy measure." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass BritishThermalUnit "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn energy measure." (is-a FunctionQuantity) (role concrete)) (defclass UnitOfMeasure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the &%Meter is a &%UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the &%Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a &%UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. &%SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each." (is-a PhysicalQuantity) (role concrete) (single-slot MegaFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MicroFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%Meter) is .000001 &%Meters.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot NanoFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MicroFn &%SecondDuration) is .000000001 &%SecondDurations.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot GigaFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%GigaFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PicoFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%PicoFn &%Ampere) is .000000000001 &%Amperes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot TeraFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%TeraFn &%Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 &%Hertz.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MilliFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%MilliFn &%Ampere) is .001 &%Amperes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot KiloFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%UnitOfMeasure into a &%UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original &%UnitOfMeasure. For example, (&%KiloFn &%Gram) is 1,000 &%Grams.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes UnitOfMeasure) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass SystemeInternationalUnit "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of Systeme International (SI) units." (is-a UnitOfMeasure) (role concrete)) (defclass Attribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nQualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of &%Object." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete) (single-slot ExtensionFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the &%Class.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subAttribute ;+ (comment "Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot successorAttributeClosure ;+ (comment "The transitive closure of &%successorAttribute. (&%successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of &%successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot successorAttribute ;+ (comment "(&%successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the &%Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass InternalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute of an &%Entity that is an internal property of the &%Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc." (is-a Attribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PhysicalState "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe physical state of an &%Object. There are three reified instances of this &%Class: &%Solid, &%Liquid, and &%Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron." (is-a InternalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PerceptualAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute whose presence is detected by an act of &%Perception." (is-a InternalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass TasteAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Attributes relating to the taste of &%Objects." (is-a PerceptualAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass OlfactoryAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of properties that are detectable by smell." (is-a PerceptualAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass VisualAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of visually discernible properties." (is-a PerceptualAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass ColorAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%VisualAttributes relating to the color of &%Objects." (is-a VisualAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PrimaryColor "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nColors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors." (is-a ColorAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass SoundAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute that characterizes the sound made by an &%Object." (is-a PerceptualAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass ShapeAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute that relates to the shape of an &%Object." (is-a InternalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass TextureAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute that characterizes the texture of an &%Object. Note that a &%TextureAttribute is distinguished from &%ShapeAttributes by the fact that the former apply to surfaces of objects whenever they apply to the objects themselves." (is-a PerceptualAttribute ShapeAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass SaturationAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class of &%Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of &%Object in another kind of &%Object." (is-a InternalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass BiologicalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that apply specifically to instances of &%Organism." (is-a InternalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass AnimacyAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is alive or not." (is-a BiologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass SexAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that indicate the sex of an &%Organism." (is-a BiologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass DevelopmentalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an &%Organism." (is-a BiologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass DiseaseOrSyndrome "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an &%Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or &%Organs." (is-a BiologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PsychologicalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an &%Organism." (is-a BiologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass StateOfMind "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe class &%StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement &%TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up." (is-a PsychologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass EmotionalState "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%Attributes that denote emotional states of &%Organisms." (is-a StateOfMind) (role concrete)) (defclass ConsciousnessAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that indicate whether an &%Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an &%Organism." (is-a StateOfMind) (role concrete)) (defclass Asleep "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are sleeping." (is-a ConsciousnessAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass Unconscious "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are unconscious because of a non-natural process, e.g. a blow to the head, a drug, etc. Note that the &%Attribute &%Asleep is used to describe the &%ConsciousnessAttribute of an &%Organism that is asleep." (is-a ConsciousnessAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass Awake "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThis &%Attribute applies to &%Organisms that are neither &%Unconscious nor &%Asleep." (is-a ConsciousnessAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass TraitAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an &%Organism." (is-a PsychologicalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PsychologicalDysfunction "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations." (is-a PsychologicalAttribute DiseaseOrSyndrome) (role concrete)) (defclass RelationalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAny &%Attribute that an &%Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another &%Entity or set of &%Entities, e.g. &%SocialRoles and &%PositionalAttributes." (is-a Attribute) (role concrete) (single-slot valence ;+ (comment "Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of &%VariableArityRelation. For example, &%holds is a &%VariableArityRelation.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subrelation ;+ (comment "A &%Relation R is a &%subrelation &%Relation R' if R is a &%subclass R'. This implies that every tuple of R is also a tuple of R'. Again, if R holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then R' holds for the same arguments. Thus, a &%Relation and its subrelation must have the same valence. In CycL, &%subrelation is called #$genlPreds.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Relation) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot domainSubclass ;+ (comment "&%Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of &%Predicates. The formula (&%domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot holds ;+ (comment "(holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of the &%Relation P.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes List) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot domain ;+ (comment "Provides a computationally and heuristicallyconvenient mechanism for declaring the argument types of a given relation. The formula (&%domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS. Specifying argumenttypes is very helpful in maintaining ontologies. Representation systems can use these specifications to classify terms and check integrity constraints. If the restriction on the argument type of a &%Relation is not captured by a &%SetOrClass already defined in the ontology, one can specify a &%SetOrClass compositionally with the functions &%UnionFn, &%IntersectionFn, etc.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass TruthValue "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of truth values, e.g. &%True and &%False. These are &%Attributes of &%Sentences and &%Propositions." (is-a RelationalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass PositionalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Attributes characterizing the orientation of an &%Object, e.g. &%Vertical versus &%Horizontal, &%Left versus &%Right etc." (is-a RelationalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass DirectionalAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe subclass of &%PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions." (is-a PositionalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass TimeZone "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn &%Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same &%TimePositions." (is-a RelationalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass SocialRole "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Attributes that specify the position or status of a &%CognitiveAgent within an &%Organization or other &%Group." (is-a RelationalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass OccupationalRole "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of all &%Attributes that specify an occupational role of a &%CognitiveAgent." (is-a SocialRole) (role concrete)) (defclass Position "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA formal position of reponsibility within an &%Organization. Examples of &%Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc." (is-a OccupationalRole) (role concrete)) (defclass NormativeAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case." (is-a RelationalAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%NormativeAttributeswhich lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these &%Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This &%Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this &%Class." (is-a NormativeAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass ObjectiveNorm "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of &%NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable." (is-a NormativeAttribute) (role concrete)) (defclass ContestAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes that are specific to participants in a &%Contest. Some of these &%Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc." (is-a ObjectiveNorm) (role concrete)) (defclass AlethicAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity." (is-a ObjectiveNorm) (role concrete)) (defclass DeonticAttribute "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Class containing all of the &%Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition." (is-a ObjectiveNorm) (role concrete)) (defclass SetOrClass "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%SetOrClass of &%Sets and &%Classes, i.e. any instance of &%Abstract that has &%elements or &%instances." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete) (single-slot disjoint ;+ (comment "&%Classes are &%disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying &%IntersectionFn tothem is empty.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot IntersectionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two %SetOrClasses to the intersection of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an instance of the intersection of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of both of those &%SetOrClasses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot PowerSetFn ;+ (comment "(&%PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the &%SetOrClass ?CLASS to the &%SetOrClass of all &%subclasses of ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot ComplementFn ;+ (comment "The complement of a given &%SetOrClass C is the &%SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a &%SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot RelativeComplementFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the difference between these &%SetOrClasses. More precisely, the relative complement of one class C1 relative to another C2 consists of the instances of C1 that are instances of the &%ComplementFn of C2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot UnionFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%SetOrClasses to the union of these &%SetOrClasses. An object is an &%element of the union of two &%SetOrClasses just in case it is an &%instance of either &%SetOrClass.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subclass ;+ (comment "(&%subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes SetOrClass) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CardinalityFn ;+ (comment "(CardinalityFn ?CLASS) returns the number of instances in the &%SetOrClass or &%Collection ?CLASS.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Number) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Class "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Classes differ from &%Sets in two important respects. First, &%Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct &%Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, &%Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the &%Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the &%Class of &%Humans. Note that some &%Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the &%Class of &%Abstract things is &%Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves." (is-a SetOrClass) (role concrete) (single-slot exhaustiveDecomposition ;+ (comment "An &%exhaustiveDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see &%partition - a &%partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.)") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot partition ;+ (comment "A &%partition of a class C is a set of \nmutually &%disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. \nEvery instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses \nin the partition.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot disjointDecomposition ;+ (comment "A &%disjointDecomposition of a &%Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually &%disjoint.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Class) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot AbstractionFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%Class into the instance of &%Attribute that specifies the condition(s) for membership in the &%Class.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Attribute) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass Set "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well asother constraints specified by some choice of set theory. &%Sets differ from &%Classes in two important respects. First, &%Sets are extensional - two &%Sets with the same &%elements are identical. Second, a &%Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that &%Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that &%Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. &%elements of a &%Set may occur more than once in the &%Set." (is-a SetOrClass) (role concrete)) (defclass FiniteSet "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%Set containing a finite number of elements." (is-a Set) (role concrete)) (defclass PairwiseDisjointClass "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SetOrClass of &%Classes is a &%PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the &%SetOrClass is either &%equal to or &%disjoint from every other instance of the &%SetOrClass." (is-a SetOrClass) (role concrete)) (defclass MutuallyDisjointClass "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%SetOrClass of &%Classes is a &%MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original &%SetOrClass." (is-a SetOrClass) (role concrete)) (defclass Proposition "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Propositions are &%Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the &%Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the &%Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a &%Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish &%Propositions from the &%ContentBearingObjects that express them. A &%Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a &%ContentBearingObject is an &%Object that represents this information. A &%Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the &%Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form" (is-a Abstract) (role concrete)) (defclass FieldOfStudy "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nAn academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that &%FieldOfStudy is a &%subclass of &%Proposition, because a &%FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content." (is-a Proposition) (role concrete)) (defclass Procedure "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are &%ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies." (is-a Proposition) (role concrete)) (defclass ComputerProgram "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer." (is-a Procedure) (role concrete)) (defclass Plan "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA specification of a sequence of &%Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time." (is-a Procedure) (role concrete)) (defclass Graph "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of &%GraphNodes connected by &%GraphArcs. Note that this &%Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a &%GraphPath between any two &%GraphNodes. Note too that every &%Graph is assumed to contain at least two &%GraphArcs and three &%GraphNodes." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete) (single-slot MinimalCutSetFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the &%Graph and which have the least number of &%GraphArcs.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphPath) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot CutSetFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that assigns a &%Graph the &%Class of &%GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphPath) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot subGraph ;+ (comment "The relation between two &%Graphs when one &%Graph is a part of the other. (&%subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Graph) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass DirectedGraph "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a &%Graph in which all &%GraphArcshave direction, i.e. every &%GraphArc has an initial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn)." (is-a Graph) (role concrete)) (defclass GraphPath "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nInformally, a single, directed route between two &%GraphNodes in a &%Graph. Formally, a &%DirectedGraph that is a &%subGraph of the original &%Graph and such that no two &%GraphArcs in the &%DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see &%InitialNodeFn) or the same terminal node (see &%TerminalNodeFn)." (is-a DirectedGraph) (role concrete) (single-slot PathWeightFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the sum of the &%arcWeights on the &%GraphArcs in the &%GraphPath.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot pathLength ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of &%GraphNodes) of a &%GraphPath.(&%pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the &%GraphPath ?PATH.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes PositiveInteger) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot BeginNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the beginning of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%InitialNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%BeginNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a beginning.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot EndNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphPath to the &%GraphNode that is the end of the &%GraphPath. Note that, unlike &%TerminalNodeFn (which relates a &%GraphArc to a &%GraphNode), &%EndNodeFn is a total function - every &%GraphPath has a end.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass GraphCircuit "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%GraphPath that begins (see &%BeginNodeFn) and ends (see &%EndNodeFn) at the same &%GraphNode." (is-a GraphPath) (role concrete)) (defclass Tree "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA Tree is a &%DirectedGraph that has no &%GraphLoops." (is-a Graph) (role concrete)) (defclass MultiGraph "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of multigraphs. A multigraph is a &%Graph containing at least one pair of &%GraphNodes that are connected by more than one &%GraphArc." (is-a Graph) (role concrete)) (defclass PseudoGraph "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nThe &%Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph is a &%Graph containing at least one &%GraphLoop." (is-a Graph) (role concrete)) (defclass GraphElement "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nNoncompositional parts of &%Graphs. These parts are restricted to &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs." (is-a Abstract) (role concrete) (single-slot graphPart ;+ (comment "A basic relation for &%Graphs and their parts. (&%graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a &%GraphArc or &%GraphNode of the &%Graph ?GRAPH.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes Graph) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass GraphNode "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphNode is linked by a &%GraphArc." (is-a GraphElement) (role concrete) (single-slot links ;+ (comment "a &%TernaryPredicate that specifies the &%GraphArc connecting two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MinimalWeightedPathFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot GraphPathFn ;+ (comment "A &%BinaryFunction that maps two &%GraphNodes to the &%Class of &%GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two &%GraphNodes must belong to the same &%Graph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot MaximalWeightedPathFn ;+ (comment "This &%BinaryFunction assigns two &%GraphNodes to the &%GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs between the two &%GraphNodes.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass GraphArc "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\n&%Graphs are comprised of &%GraphNodes and &%GraphArcs. Every &%GraphArc links two &%GraphNodes." (is-a GraphElement) (role concrete) (single-slot TerminalNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the terminal node of the &%GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot InitialNodeFn ;+ (comment "A &%UnaryFunction that maps a &%GraphArc to the initial node of the &%GraphArc. Notethat this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for &%GraphArcs that are not part of a &%DirectedGraph.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes GraphNode) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write)) (single-slot arcWeight ;+ (comment "This predicate indicates the value of a &%GraphArc in a &%Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system.") (type INSTANCE) ;+ (allowed-classes RealNumber) ;+ (cardinality 0 1) (create-accessor read-write))) (defclass GraphLoop "SUO 1.15: September 6, 2001\nA &%GraphArc in which a &%GraphNode is linked to itself." (is-a GraphArc) (role concrete))